Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one the most important complications of diabetes leading to end-stage renal disease. Dietary approaches have been considered to control of the kidney function deterioration among these patients. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of fortified soy milk with Lactobacillus plantarum A7 on renal function biomarkers in type 2 DN patients. Forty-eight DN subjects were attended to this parallel randomized trial study. Participants were randomly assigned to consume a diet containing 200 mL/day probiotic soy milk in intervention group or soy milk in the control condition for 8 weeks. An inflammatory adipokine-Progranulin (PGRN), a cytokine receptor-soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1), and serum levels of Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C (Cys-C) as the new renal function biomarkers were measured after 8 weeks of intervention according to the standard protocol. Our analysis showed that consumption of probiotic soy milk resulted in a significant reduction in the Cys-C and PGRN levels compared with the soy milk (P = 0.01) in the final adjusted model. In addition, after adjustment for age, weight, and energy intake, a marginally significant in the NGAL level was seen between two groups (P = 0.05). However, there was no significant differences on the sTNFR1concenteration between two groups (P = 0.06). Overall, intake of probiotic soy milk may have a beneficial effect on the renal function in patients with DN.
Vaccination is defined as the stimulation and development of the adaptive immune system by administering specific antigens. Vaccines' efficacy, in inducing immunity, varies in different societies due to economic, social, and biological conditions. One of the influential biological factors is gut microbiota. Cross-talks between gut bacteria and the host immune system are initiated at birth during microbial colonization and directly control the immune responses and protection against pathogen colonization. Imbalances in the gut microbiota composition, termed dysbiosis, can trigger several immune disorders through the activity of the adaptive immune system and impair the adequate response to the vaccination. The bacteria used in probiotics are often members of the gut microbiota, which have health benefits for the host. Probiotics are generally consumed as a component of fermented foods, affect both innate and acquired immune systems, and decrease infections. This review aimed to discuss the gut microbiota's role in regulating immune responses to vaccination and how probiotics can help induce immune responses against pathogens. Finally, probiotic-based oral vaccines and their efficacy have been discussed.
Skin plays an essential role in the prevention of pathogenic microorganisms entrance. It is also considered as the first line of immune defense in our body. The therapeutic effects of probiotics on wound healing are well reported over the past decade. Nevertheless, there are limited publications about the impact of probiotics on skin wound healing. Here we assessed the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei TD3 on cutaneous wound healing in male Wistar rats. During this research, thirty-six male Wistar rats grouped into control positive, control negative, and trial groups, then the skins of rats were incised to make a full-thickness wound. An ointment produced from probiotic L. paracasei TD3 was administrated to the trial group, and immunohistological factors of each host were evaluated and compared with control groups. The final results showed that although L. paracasei TD3 could proceed the wound closure earlier than other groups and could induce angiogenesis in trial group, it could not cause any significant changes in the levels of monocytes, lymphocyte, mast cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the trial group compared to control groups. This probiotic bacterium may be effective besides other probiotic bacteria.
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