BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Mortality for CRC is improving in high income countries, but in low and middle income countries, rates of disease and death from disease are rising. In Sub‐Saharan Africa, the ratio of CRC mortality to incidence is the highest in the world. This study investigated the nature of CRC treatment currently being offered and received in Nigeria.MethodsBetween April 2013 and October 2017, a prospective study of consecutively diagnosed cases of CRC was conducted. Patient demographics, clinical features, and treatment recommended and received was recorded for each case. Patients were followed during the study period every 3 months or until death.ResultsThree hundred patients were included in our analysis. Seventy‐one percent of patients received a recommended surgical operation. Of those that didn't undergo surgery as recommended, 37% cited cost as the main reason, 30% declined due to personal reasons, and less than 5% absconded or were lost to follow up. Approximately half of patients (50.5%) received a chemotherapy regimen when it was recommended, and 4.1% received radiotherapy when this was advised as optimal treatment. With therapy, the median overall survival for patients diagnosed with stage III and stage IV CRC was 24 and 10.5 months respectively. Overall, we found significantly better median survival for patients that received the recommended treatment (25 vs 7 months; P < .01).ConclusionsA number of patients were unable to receive the recommended treatment, reflecting some of the burden of untreated CRC in the region. Receiving the recommended treatment was associated with a significant difference in outcome. Improved healthcare financing, literacy, training, access, and a better understanding of tumor biology will be necessary to address this discrepancy.

Introduction: Little is known about the biology, molecular profile and hence optimal treatment of African Nigerian breast cancer. The aim of this work, therefore, was to characterize the histology and molecular profile of Nigerian breast cancer. Methods: Breast carcinomas from women at 6 centres of similar tribal origin in Nigeria were reviewed and assembled into tissue microarrays (TMAs), and sections were stained for hormone receptors, i.e. estrogen receptor (ER)α, ERβ1, ERβ progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor, cyclin D, HER2, Ki67 and cytokeratins (CKs), i.e. CK5/6 and CK14 (basal) and CK18 and 19 (luminal). Results: A total of 835 tumours were analysed. The mean age at diagnosis was 48.62 ± 12.41 years. The most common histological subtype was ductal NST (no-special-type) carcinoma (87.3%). Over 90% of the tumours were grade 2 or 3. The predominant molecular phenotype was the non-basal, triple-negative type (47.65%) followed by the HER2-positive group (19.6%). The percentage of ER-, PR- and HER2-positive tumours was 22.4, 18.9 and 18.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Nigerian breast cancer predominantly has a high-grade, triple-negative profile. It occurs at a younger age and bears similarities at the molecular level to pre-menopausal breast cancer in white women, with remarkably lower levels of ERβ expression. The early presentation and histological and molecular phenotype may explain the poor prognosis, and tailoring treatment strategies to target this unique profile are required.

There is an increasing effort in the global public health community to strengthen research capacity in low- and middle-income countries, but there is no consensus on how best to approach such endeavors. Successful consortia that perform research on HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases exist, but few papers have been published detailing the challenges faced and lessons learned in setting up and running a successful research consortium. Drawing on our experience of founding the African Research Group for Oncology (ARGO), we describe steps and key factors needed to establish a successful collaborative consortium between researchers from both high- and low-income countries. In addition, we present challenges we encountered in building our consortium, and how we managed those challenges. Although our research group is focused primarily on cancer, many of our lessons learned can be applied more widely in biomedical or public health research in low-income countries.

In low-resource settings, patients with rectal bleeding, weight loss, and changes in bowel habits should be classified as high risk for CRC. Patients with a high risk score should be prioritized for colonoscopy to increase the number of patients diagnosed with potentially curable CRC. Cancer 2018;124:2766-2773. © 2018 American Cancer Society.

Introduction There is a paucity of prospective data on the performance of the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this exploratory analysis was to evaluate the feasibility and performance of FIT in Nigeria. Methods This was a prospective, single-arm study. A convenience sample of asymptomatic, average-risk individuals between 40–75 years of age were enrolled at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital. Study participants returned in 48 hours with a specimen for ova and parasite (O&P) and qualitative FIT (50ug/g) testing. Participants with a positive FIT had follow-up colonoscopy and those with intestinal parasites were provided treatment. Results Between May-June 2019, 379 individuals enrolled with a median age of 51 years (IQR 46–58). In total, 87.6% (n = 332) returned for FIT testing. FIT positivity was 20.5% (95% CI = 16.3%-25.2%). Sixty-one (89.7%) of participants with a positive FIT had a follow-up colonoscopy (n = 61), of whom 9.8% (95%CI:3.7–20.2%) had an adenoma and 4.9% (95%CI:1.0–13.7%) had advanced adenomas. Presence of intestinal parasites was inversely related to FIT positivity (6.5% with vs. 21.1% without parasites, p = 0.05). Eighty-two percent of participants found the FIT easy to use and 100% would recommend the test to eligible family or friends if available. Conclusions Asymptomatic, FIT-based CRC screening was feasible and well tolerated in this exploratory analysis. However, the high FIT positivity and low positive predictive value for advanced neoplasia raises concerns about its practicality and cost effectiveness in a low-resource setting such as Nigeria.

Many women selected from rural communities demonstrated good knowledge and perception of HIV counselling and testing. The majority of them also had access to HIV counselling and testing and used it. However, some still have misconception about mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

This study determined the concentrations of some heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu and Zn) in urine samples of patients with kidney, liver and lung related diseases (age 15-70 years); and tissue samples (kidney, liver and lung) that were pathologically abnormal from corpses (age 21-50 years) during autopsies at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. It also determined the effects of age distribution, gender and life styles on the urine samples of patients with the aforementioned diseases. A total of 35 urine samples of the patients were analyzed out of which 15 had kidney related diseases, 10 had liver related diseases and 10 had lung related diseases. Four urine samples were used as controls. The urine samples were collected before meal and the age, sex, occupation and personal habit of patients were considered when taking samples. The samples were digested using microwave assisted digestion method and analyzed with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed that the concentrations of Cd (0.052-0.093 µg mL −1), Pb (0.150-0.376 µg mL −1), Mn (0.014-0.278 µg mL −1), Cu (0.738-2.475 µg mL −1) and Zn (0.476-0.975 µg mL −1) in urine samples (male and female) were higher than those of the control samples (Cd: 0.035 µg mL −1 , Pb: 0.253 µg mL −1 , Mn: 0.045 µg mL −1 , Cu: 0.040 µg mL −1 and Zn: 0.716 µg mL −1) and also higher than the standard human urine levels of metals recommended by World Health Organisation. Also, Mn had the highest concentrations of all the metals determined in kidney, liver and lung tissues analysed. The study concluded that the high concentrations of heavy metals obtained confirmed the associated health complications noticed in the patients.

INTRODUCTION Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) is an approach initiated to facilitate utilization of skill birth attendants (SBAs) for improved pregnancy outcomes. Despite its usefulness, many women still did not use skilled birth attendants. The purpose of this study is to assess the level of birth preparedness and complication readiness and its association with skilled birth attendants’ utilization. METHODS A descriptive sequential mixed methods design was used. In all, 350 women in their third trimester were purposively selected from healthcare facilities. Of these, 340 completed the study yielding a 97% response rate. Structured interviewer-administered questionnaire, a checklist and an in-depth interview guide were used to collect data. Data analysis was done in Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 using descriptive and inferential statistics at 0.05 level of significance while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. RESULTS There was a significant association between level of birth preparedness and complication readiness and use of skilled birth attendants [χ 2 (2, 340)=19.96; p=0.0001]. Some negative delivery outcomes (complications) were significantly associated with nonutilization of skill birth attendants. Cost, family members’ preference, distance, industrial action and irritation from the vaginal examination were factors that prevented women from using a skilled birth attendant. CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that BPCR is significantly associated with the use of SBAs and better outcomes were observed in women that used SBAs in Nigeria.