Wastes generation and emission of greenhouse gases are the major concerns of the contemporary world. Concrete’s cements companies in the globe are producing up to 2.8 billion tons of cements annually. This contributed to the emission of anthropogenic substances into the atmosphere which destroys the ozone layers. The incessant disposal of these agricultural wastes has detrimental effect on the environmental and human health. Thus, utilizing these wastes as secondary resources in concrete is a reasonable consideration in sustainable waste management in the circular economy. The use of agricultural wastes in concrete production has been gaining attraction in recent years, however, their effectiveness and performance in concrete need evaluation. This study presents an overview of the effects of some agricultural wastes: Bagasse, Coconut shell, Cotton, Oil palm and Hemp fibers on concrete and composite’s mechanical properties. As reviewed, Sugar-Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) and Coconut Shell Ash (CSA) are rich in cementitious (pozzolanic) properties (SiO2, Fe2O3 and Al2O3) for cement production up to 70%. Sugar-cane bagasse and oil palm-fiber ashes improved concrete workability. SCBA and CSA highly increased the concrete compressive strengths. The concrete tensile strengths were increased up to 97% with the inclusion of cotton and bagasse ashes. The SCBA, hemp-fiber and treated oil palm - fiber ash increased the concrete and composite’s flexural strengths up to 11.3%, 26.2% and 50.7% respectively. In conclusion, the output of this review will supply full data of the research gaps yet to cover on the use of agro-wastes in concrete for future investigations
In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in developing novel materials for sustainable building construction made from renewable resources. The use of natural fibers in concrete reinforcement, as opposed to agricultural waste, has significant environmental benefits in terms of reducing the environmental repercussions of the continuous dumping and landfilling of massive amounts of agricultural waste in overburdened landfill sites. Banana peel fiber (BPF) and orange peel fiber (OPF) are common agro-wastes with a long history of use in concrete as an additive or a cement substitute. However, their efficiency and performance in terms of reinforcement must be assessed. The characteristics, fresh and hardened state structural performance of BPF and OPF as composite materials in sustainable concrete manufacturing are reviewed in this study based on recent findings. For quality concrete reinforcing, it was discovered that OPF and BPF have good surface areas and low specific gravity. For quality concrete reinforcing, it was discovered that OPF and BPF have good surface areas and low specific gravity. BPF and OPF, on the other hand, have significant pozzolanic binding properties of up to 97.3 %. This allows them to act as binders and supplement the high strength yielding in concrete. Furthermore, the use of BPF in concrete enhanced workability, consistency, compressive and tensile strengths, and setting times by 21.1 %, 48.64 %, 46 % and 52.5 %, and 47.37 %, respectively, whereas the use of OPF raised concrete density by 5.34 %. This indicated that both BPF and OPF had a lot of potential for producing high-quality concrete. The use of BPF and OPF to reinforce concrete and composites against flexural deflection, heat transmission, and modulus of elasticity resulted in a significant increase in concrete strength in terms of cracking, deflection, creep, and shrinkage. The inclusion of orange and banana peels in concrete was found to significantly improve the structural qualities of the concrete; thus, they can be employed as supplementary materials in the manufacturing of concrete. Finally, this study identifies new approaches for achieving the much-anticipated biodegradability and sustainability of natural fiber-reinforced composites for usage in a variety of concrete reinforcing applications.
The findings from the investigation conducted, to compare the structural performance of concrete containing treated (TOPEFB) and untreated Empty Oil Palm Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) fibres are presented in this paper. For the TOPEFB fibres, the dried fibres were treated with 0.2% NAOH solution following the procedures of appropriate authority. The structural parameters investigated were consistencies, setting times, densities, compressive and tensile strengths of concrete incorporating TOPEFB and OPEFB fibres in the mix. The addition of fibres was limited to 1.20% by weight of cement in the concrete. The interval of addition was 0.2%. The results showed that (i) the setting times of mortars containing TOPEFB fibres were higher than that of mortars with OPEFB fibres, (ii) concrete specimens containing TOPEFB fibres are more workable that concrete specimens with OPEFB fibres, (iii) densities of concrete specimens containing OPEFB fibres were in the range for normal concrete applications while the densities for specimens with TOPEFB developed densities that fell in the heavy weight concrete classification, (iv) concrete specimens containing TOPEFB fibres developed higher compressive strengths than specimens with OPEFB fibres and (v) tensile strengths of concrete specimens containing TOPEFB fibres were higher than specimens with OPEFB fibres by at least 59.04%. The overall conclusion from the findings of this study is that concrete specimens containing TOPEFB fibres have superior structural properties than specimens with OPEFB fibres
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