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Introduction: Prolotherapy is a minimally invasive technique used in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Prolotherapy agent induces an inflammatory process in the joint, stimulates fibroblast proliferation, hence facilitates the healing process and strengthens the joint and associated ligaments and tendons. The main aim of this article was to study the effect of 25% dextrose prolotherapy on temporomandibular joint pain, clicking and maximum mouth opening by using different injection sites. Material and methods: Sixty patients with established diagnosis of unilateral disc displacement with reduction who complained of unilateral symptoms (pain and clicking) were included in the study. They were randomly allocated to three groups (Group A, Group B and Group C) of 20 patients each. Group A patients received intra-articular injections into the superior joint space, Group B patients received injections into the inferior joint space where as Group C patients were given injections into the retrodiscal tissues. Each group received subsequent injections at first, second and third weeks at the respective sites. Pain, clicking and maximum mouth opening (MMO) was recorded pre-operatively, post-operatively at 3 weeks and 2 months. Results: Group B and Group C patients showed a significant decrease in the pain score at 3 weeks and 2 months postoperatively while as no significant pain relief was observed in Group A. Maximum mouth opening improved significantly in Group B and Group C patients at 3 weeks and 2 months and was highest in Group C. Reduction in clicking was best seen in Group C. Conclusion: Prolotherapy is more effective when injection site is selected as per the type of symptoms of the patients with temporomandibular disorders.

Introduction: Surgical endodontic treatment comprises of thorough debridement of pathological periradicular tissue, root end resection followed by a Class I retrograde cavity preparation and insertion of root end filling material into the prepared cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the push out bond strength of Biodentine, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Bone Cement used in the retro cavities, prepared with ultrasonic retro tips. Material and methods: 60 human extracted single rooted teeth were selected and sectioned with a diamond disc (Horico, Germany) to standardize the root length of 15mm. The roots were instrumented with rotary ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Maillefer) system till size F2. The root canals were obturated using gutta percha (Dentsply, Maillefer) and AH Plus sealer (Dentsply, Germany). 3mm of root end resection was performed with high speed hand piece under water coolant. 3mm deep retro cavities were prepared with ultrasonic stainless steel retro tip (Woodpecker). All the specimens were divided into 3 groups (n=20) Group I: MTA (ProRoot, Tulsa Dental, USA), Group II Biodentine (Septodont, France), Group III Bone Cement (Depuy, Johnsons and Johnsons). Each material was mixed according to the manufacturers instructions and filled into the retro cavities. The specimens were sectioned perpendicularly to obtain 1mm thick slices from the apical portion and subjected to push out bond strength testing under Universal Testing Machine (Instron). Results: Biodentine showed more push out bond strength than MTA and Bone Cement. There was no significant difference between MTA and Bone Cement groups. Conclusion: Bone Cement can be considered as one of the potential retro filling material.

Introduction: Biomechanical preparation of root canals is one of the main steps in achieving endodontic success due to enabling bacterial elimination, removal of debris, and facilitating obturation. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of dentinal cracks observed in the canal wall after canal instrumentation with 3 single-file systems and the ProTaper system (Dentsply Maillefer, Switzerland). Material and Methods: Eighty mandibular premolars with single root canal were selected. Teeth were decoronated and mounted in resin blocks with simulated periodontal ligaments. They were divided into 4 experimental groups (n = 20); then instrumented to the full working length with the ProTaper, OneShape (MicroMega, Besancon, France), Reciproc (VDW, Munich, Germany), and WaveOne Gold (Dentsply Malliefer) was performed. The roots were sectioned perpendicular to the long axis at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex and were observed under a stereomicroscope. The presence of cracks was noted. The chi-square test was performed to compare the appearance of cracked roots between the experimental groups. Results: Cracks found after canal instrumentation with the ProTaper, OneShape, and Reciproc and WaveOne Gold files, were 46.6%, 23.3%, 13.6%, 11.6% respectively. The difference between the experimental groups was statistically significant (P < .001). Conclusion: Nickel-titanium instruments cause cracks in root surface or in the canal wall; Reciproc and WaveOne Gold files caused less cracks than the ProTaper and OneShape files.

Background:The main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of odontogenic cysts in Kashmiri population. Methods: The data on odontogenic cysts (OCs) treated in the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Government Dental College Srinagar from January 2011 to December 2016 was collected retrospectively. The information regarding patient's age, sex, location of the cyst and the type of the odontogenic cyst was recorded and analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 152 OCs were identified out of which 87 were male and 65 female with male to female ratio of 1.3:1. The OCs were seen to predominate in the second, third and fourth decades of life, the most common anatomic location being the mandibular posterior region (40.8%). Radicular cyst dominated among the OCs (50.6 %) followed by dentigerous cyst (23%), odontogenic keratocyst (10.5%), residual cyst (8.6 %), lateral periodontal cyst (5.3 %) and paradental cyst (1.9 %). Radicular cysts most frequently involved the maxillary anterior region (33.8%) while as dentigerous cysts and odontogenic keratocysts were more common in the man-dibular posterior region (54.3% and 56.3% respectively). Conclusion: Radicular cyst and dentigerous cyst are the most prevalent odontogenic cysts in Kashmiri population; etiology being the dental decay (pulpal necrosis) and impacted teeth. In order to decrease the prevalence of radicular and dentigerous cysts, preventive measures need to be taken to diminish dental decay and programs of prophylactic extractions of impacted teeth need to be established.