Aims:To study the efficacy of different solvent extracts (chloroform, ethanol, methanol and hexane) of ten plants on Ralstonia solanacearum the causal organism of bacterial wilt of tomato.

Effects of varying levels of Dried Poultry Droppings fed Clarias gariepinus were investigated for 84 days. The fish meal was partially and completely replaced by dried poultry droppings at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% inclusions and was allotted T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Investigation conducted on the occurrence of microbes in the fish feeds revealed that T5 varied significantly (p<0.05) in Total Viable Count (TVC) (13.0×10 ) was significantly different (p<0.05) compared to other treatments. The growth performance showed that T2 varied significantly (p<0.05) in Mean Weight Gain (MWG) (29.33 g) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) (0.09). The findings of the current study imply that feed microbes affected the haematological parameters of the fish and equally suppressed the growth of the fish.

Aims: Assessment of the antibiotic resistance pattern and detection of genes responsible for the β-lactam resistance in enterobacteria isolated from different sources was carried out in the course of the study. Place and Duration of Study: Samples from different sources in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria including Abattoir and Cow ranch. The study was done August 2015 to May 2016. Methodology: Isolation was done on nutrient agar, xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) and identified using standard procedures. Antibiotic multidisc containing the following ceftazidime (30 µg), cefruroxime (30 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), ofloxacin (5 µg), augmentin (30 µg), nitrofurantoin (300 µg), and ampicillin ( ) were used to study the resistance patterns of the bacteria. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was carried out to screen for CTX-M gene in beta-lactam resistant isolates and statistical analyses were carried out using the analysis of variance test (ANOVA) and the PAST (paleontology statistics) software analytical package where applicable. Results: Fifty-two (52) entrobacteria consisting of nine genera (9) were isolated and identified, Serratia (13), Enterobacter (11), Klebsiella (6), E. coli (5), Proteus (5), Salmonella (3), Shigella (3), Citrobacter (3), and Yersinia (3). The highest resistance observed by the isolates was to ampicillin (80.7%) followed by augmentin (40%) and 33% resistance of the isolates to cefuroxime, while all the isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime, gentamicin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. Nineteen of the isolates were resistant to three or more of the tested antibiotics i.e. multiple resistance while five of the multidrug resistant isolates show the presence of CTX-M β-lactam resistance gene which seems to be responsible for their resistance to the β-lactam antibiotic tested. Conclusion: There are a number of organisms in the environment that have developed multiple resistances to several antibiotics and in view of this thwart treatment; of major concern are the Enterobacteriaceae family in which new resistance characteristics have been discovered leading to increasing resistance to standard available drug therapies.

The indigenous African organic soap is formed by saponification. Using the local and ancient method, with slight modifications, palm kernel oil (Elaeis guineensis) and the filtrate of burnt cocoa pod ash (Theobroma cacao) were used to prepare African black soap (C 11 H 23 COO -K + ). The prepared black soap was thereafter divided into five parts. Part A was the control without additives, while parts B, C and D were enhanced with aloe vera, camwood and lime respectively. Part E was enhanced with both shea butter and camwood. These samples were analyzed chemically by pH determinations, infrared spectroscopic analyses and phytochemical screenings. They were also screened for in-vitro antibacterial activities against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). The pH determinations showed that all the samples were alkaline in nature with values between 8.7 and 9.1. Infrared spectra analyses of the unenhanced black soap revealed a medium and a strong band due to υ (C=O) frequency of the keto group at 1740 and 1562 cm -1 respectively and a medium band at 1119 cm -1 due to υ (C-O) frequency of the ester oxygen. These bands appeared almost unchanged in the infrared spectra of the enhanced samples signifying no complexation through the oxygen donor atoms. Thus, the structure of the black soap (A) was intact and it was not denatured by the various additives. Phytochemical screenings revealed that A and D contained saponins, flavonoids and terpenoids; C contained both flavonoids and terpenoids; B and E contained only terpenoids; while tannins and steroids were absent in all the samples. Antimicrobial studies showed that the enhanced black soap were either active against one or both gram-negative bacteria. In addition B, C and D were also active against either one or both gram-positive bacteria. E was inactive against the gram-positive bacteria, while the unenhanced black soap remained inactive against all tested organisms.

In the title compound, [Re(C6H5N)3(CO)3]BF4, the ReI ion is six-coordinated by three pyridine N atoms and three carbonyl C atoms. In each case, the carbonyl C atom lies trans to a pyridine N atom. In the crystal, the ions are linked via C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions, forming a three-dimensional framework. The F atoms of the BF4 anion are disordered over two positions and gave a final refined occupancy ratio of 0.705 (11):0.295 (11).