Anoikis is apoptosis induced by loss of cell adhesion or inappropriate cell adhesion. Adhesion on the extracellular matrix is important to determine whether a cell is in the correct location and to delete displaced cells by apoptosis. The ability to overcome this requirement has important implications for metastatic cancer. However, how adhesion signals are interpreted by a cell into a life or death decision is complex. In this paper, we will examine this from the point of view of the apoptotic machinery of the cell, and discuss the various ways in which adhesion can influence this process.
This paper highlights the growing importance of interdisciplinary research at the intersection between higher education, creative industries and growth of regional creative economies. The paper not only focuses specifically on the UK context but also encompasses issues of further international interest and debate. It undertakes a review of existing literature on the cultural role of higher education institutions (HEIs) and points to recent research on HEIs' increasing importance for embedding creative graduates into a region. We not only illustrate how this area of research aligns with the concepts of the ‘creative city’ and the ‘creative class’ but also consider how talent attraction and retention processes include HEIs and art schools as part of a richer understanding of the creative economy as a contextualised production system. Furthermore, we investigate the role of HEIs as so‐called ‘third spaces’ for creative knowledge transfer, which in recent years has become a popular cultural and higher education strategy to address the difficulties of feeding creative and cultural knowledge into the wider economy. The paper concludes by highlighting future avenues for cross‐disciplinary research in three areas: communities of practice, local stakeholder management and a shared community agenda, to inform further policy and development in this area.
This article examines the dimensions and dynamics of an expanding area of policy interest: the relationships between higher education and the creative economy. These activities feature collaboration between individuals and networks from the different sectors, involved in teaching, curriculum and policy development, research and knowledge exchange. They have become the focus of policy debates through their central role in stimulating innovation, creative and cultural clusters, sector development and graduate employability as well as their broader contribution to economic development and regeneration. They sit at the crossroads of different policy fields, namely cultural policy (involving the explicit support and development of the creative and cultural sector), higher education policy (including skills and curriculum development, but also fees structures and widening participation) and work and economic development policies (concerning, for example, employment regulation and business support). In this introductory essay, we explore two key dimensions through which higher education institutions and the cultural and creative sector interconnect: creative human capital and knowledge development, drawing on findings from a UK Arts and Humanities Research Council funded international research network looking at the platforms, practices and shared spaces beyond the campus. We also introduce the themes and contributions to this special issue of the International Journal of Cultural Policy.
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