The food production process across the developing world is under huge pressure pertaining to mounting challenges like water shortage, low fertility of the land, climatic variations, lack of technological progress, and many other unforeseen challenges. This study explores the impact of water crises on food production. The food production index was used for food production and water crises relationship measured in water availability (million-acre feet). Other explanatory variables, remittances, fertilizer, number of tractors, agricultural land, were used as control factors for the period 1975 to 2017. The autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model was used for the analyses. Water crises had significant and negative effects on food production. Besides, that other control factors like, fertilizer, remittances, agricultural land, and numbers of tractors also had a substantial and positive impact. The results indicate a long-run relationship between water crises and food production because the error correction term is significant and negative. Water crises (shortage of water availability) decreases the capacity of the land to produce low crop yields. In order to meet the food demand, water scarcity needed to be addressed in the policies. Moreover, the government should encourage the small farmers in particular by providing them fertilizers, high-efficiency irrigations systems and machinery (i.e. tractors) at subsidized rates.
In developing countries, the informal sector plays a diverse role, from eradicating poverty to polluting the environment. Perhaps, due to inadequate awareness and scanty literature, the aspect remained ignored. This study was an attempt to determine the simultaneous relationship between environment, informal sector, and poverty. This study was based on panel data study of three countries, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India. ARDL approach was used to measure the size of the informal sector economy of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. The generalized momentum (GMM) method was applied to determine the environment's simultaneous effects, on poverty, and the informal sector economy. The outcomes unveiled that informal sector employment and poverty expedited the carbon dioxide emission in three countries such as India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Secondly, poverty and CO2 emissions had a positive association with the informal sector whereas thirdly, there was a negative impact of the informal sector economy and CO2 emissions on the poverty. This study urges to channelize the informal sector because it can contribute towards poverty reduction in a better way once its channelized and provision of adequate awareness among the people regarding judicious use of natural resources. For instance, climate smart agriculture, sustainable farming and Good Agricultural Practices have been implemented to curtail the CO2 emissions from agriculture sector. The needs are to provoke other sectors as well followed by the initiation of legal restrictions on CO2 emissions
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