This paper aims at spotlighting the process of dehumanization women are victim of in many African traditional societies. From Cairo to Mogadiscio, women are all by themselves and go through the after-effects of the social and sexual brutalities they are daily subjected to. Nawal El Saadawi and Nuruddin Farah, in Woman at Point Zero and From a Crooked Rib, have brought on surface the stark stratification organized in age-old societies to the detriment of women. Thus being, the paper analyses the physical mutilation, the sexual exploitation women suffer from both in Egypt and Somalia and the whacks they take to liberate themselves from the enslaving social cages in which they are confined. Its findings contribute in showing up the mute but decisive changes that operate among the female gentry in religions-oriented countries in Africa. It underlines as well the de-phallocratization of traditional systems that stiffen women’s strong aspirations to freedom.
Mankind who has been looking forward finding back his Lost Paradise, has defined his life into an endless quest.A quest which has given ground to a topic of reflection among many African writers such as Fatou Diome, who in The Belly of the Atlantic, brings on surface the different aspects of African emigration in European countries. Thus, in this article, we drive, on the one hand, at exposing the misleading and impaired hope that attracts and motivates African young people to run away from their "miserable lives" to cross the Mediterranean and Atlantic oceans and, on the other hand, at highlighting the local solutions that do exist to stop such a social and topical phenomenon.
The use of medicinal plants has grown over the years, this is due to the popular culture that already exists and to the increase in people's knowledge about the benefits of these plants. Dillenia indica popularly known as elephant apple or april flower is considered a medicinal plant that, according to studies, has antidepressant, antileukemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anxiolytic properties. This factor aroused interest in obtaining extracts of this to evaluate the antimicrobial action of these extracts. To obtain the extracts, separate samples of the leaves, bark and seeds were kept in contact with ethyl acetate for 3 days with daily agitation. After this period, the extract was filtered and dried by rotary evaporation. The analysis of the chemical composition of the extracts was performed by a Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry. The antimicrobial effect of the extracts was verified by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The values of MBC and MIC of the extracts of leaves, bark and seeds against the microorganisms in question were 0.1% v/v. Employing chromatography it was possible to identify several organic acids in the three extracts of D. indica. These acids are probably the compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity shown by the studied extracts. I. INTRODUCTIONAccording to Maciel, Pinto and Veiga (2002), the popular culture of using medicinal plants and the efficiency of their use, that is, the beneficial effects that their use provides, collaborate in a significant way for the practice of consumption of medicines plants. As a result, this popular culture arouses the curiosity and interest of researchers in developing this natural resource for medicinal purposes. According to Jawla et al. (2009), medicinal plants have provided many clues to fighting diseases since the emergence of civilization.India is one of the 12 biodiversity centers in the world, with more than 45.000 different plant species (Jawla et al., 2009). There are many species of plants that have been used by tribal communities and in various regions of India, but their pharmacological and phyto-pharmacological importance are still unknown as these plants are rarely available. Among these plants there are several belonging to the family Dilleniaceae, which are not very well known, but have considerable medicinal value (Gandhi & Mehta, 2013). According to Bhagyasri et al. (2017), several studies report the potential of D. indica
Set in a context of colonization, Butterfly Burning is a fictional work that digs out the colonized"s mind to illustrate the brutality and unfairness of a ruthless system that gangrenes a whole community"s reason of existence. This paper which finds ground on the theory of "the paradox of silence" as it is defined by Maurice Zundel, highlights a reflexion based on the social and political meaning of the praxis of silence among men and women who are deprived of the backbone of their raison d'être. It focuses on the built-in meaning attached to framework, sex and music in an ambient world silenced by the readable and audible voice of voicelessness.
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