The initial report of the multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) in children was from the United Kingdom in April 2020; since then, cases have been reported worldwide. Renal involvement has been seen commonly, ranging from 10% to 46%. Kidney involvement following SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with MIS-C is more common than initially thought and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. There are several reports of a direct viral tropism of COVID-19 and MIS-C associated renal damage. This study's objective was to systematically review the current understanding of kidney involvement in children suffering from MIS-C. Based on our systemic literature search, 19 studies have either partially or fully discussed kidney involvement in MIS-C patients. Furthermore, we discuss the multifactorial pathogenesis contributing to AKI development in MIS-C. Conclusion: The current review gives a Pediatric Nephrologist's perspective of the renal involvement in MIS-C, the incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), the pathophysiology of AKI in MIS-C, and the proposed therapeutic regimens available, including the need for Kidney replacement therapy for a child with AKI associated with MIS-C. As the disease is rapidly evolving, more detailed clinical prospective studies are required to understand MIS-C and its role in AKI better.
Background: Invasive mucormycosis (IM) is a life-threatening fungal infection occurring mostly in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, patients with hematological malignancies, and diabetes. A sudden spurt of mucormycosis has been reported in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in India; however, there is little data about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated mucormycosis (CAM) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Methods: We describe the clinical presentations, risk factors, treatment and outcomes of 11 mucormycosis cases in KTRs post-COVID-19 infection from February 2020 to June 2021 at a single center in India. Results: Mucormycosis was seen in 11/102 (10.7%) KTRs during the pandemic. Six patients had mild disease and rest five had moderate disease. Seven patients had preexisting diabetes mellitus and four developed new onset hyperglycemia after receiving steroids for COVID-19 infection. All had poorly controlled sugars at the time of presentation. Most common presentation was rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) in 10/11 (89%) patients and one has pulmonary mucormycosis. All patients received combination of amphotericin B and surgical debridement/excision of affected tissue followed by posaconazole prophylaxis. Nine patients recovered, however two patients succumbed to their illness after median of 14 (7-21) days from diagnosis. One patient developed acute T-cell-mediated rejection during the course of recovery. At last follow up, the mean serum creatinine was 2.05 mg/dl as compared to 1.4 mg/dl at presentation. Conclusions: IM is a common fungal infection in transplant recipients in India after COVID-19. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with combination of surgical debridement and liposomal amphotericin B are key to better outcomes in CAM. Judicious use of steroids and control of hyperglycemia is key to avoid flaring up of the fungal infection.
Introduction: Antihuman thymocyte immunoglobulin, used as an induction agent in renal transplantation, is of two types – thymoglobulin and grafalon (formerly ATG-Fresenius). In this study, we compared outcomes with these two agents. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective study of patients transplanted from January 2017 to October 2019, who received either grafalon or thymoglobulin induction. Grafalon or thymoglobulin was given at 6 and 3 mg/kg, respectively, followed by standard triple immunosuppression of tacrolimus, MMF, and prednisolone. Results: Median follow up was 22 (3–36) months. Thymoglobulin was given to 255 patients, whereas 78 patients received grafalon. Baseline demographics were similar between the two groups although significantly more patients in the grafalon group received ABO incompatible transplant (15% vs. 4.3%; P = 0.002). Patient survival was similar between the two groups (99% in grafalon vs. 98.8% in thymoglobulin; P = 1.0). Death censored graft survival was also similar (99% in grafalon vs. 100% in thymoglobulin; P = 0.23). Biopsy proven acute rejection (BPAR) was significantly higher in the grafalon group (12.8% vs. 5.1%, P = 0.04). The significance persisted after multivariable regression analysis ( P = 0.02). Other outcomes such as infection rate and estimated glomerular filtration rate on last follow up were comparable between the two groups. Conclusions: Grafalon (6 mg/kg dose) when used as an induction agent was associated with significantly higher rate of BPARs as compared to thymoglobulin (3 mg/kg dose) although with comparable short-term patient and death censored graft survival, graft function, and infection rates.
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