Nanoparticles and other new drug delivery methods like green synthesis are utilized as a physical strategy to change and improve the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects of various therapeutic compounds. Nanotechnology's fast advancement has opened the possibility of deploying designed nanoparticles that, interact with biological surroundings to cure illnesses. Interactions between cells and NPs, as well as the extracellular environment, may cause a cascade of biological consequences. Polymeric carbon nanotubes, NPs, liposomes, quantum dots, dendrimers, polymeric NPs, metallic NPs and green synthesis systems have all brought about recent alteration in drug delivery and the entire service of the medical system. Presently, distinct physical or chemical techniques have been utilized for NPs synthesis. However, most of those techniques are steeply-priced and probably risky for the organisms and environment. Therefore, there is necessity to expand a green and costpowerful approach of synthesis. Recently, the green synthesis processes are gaining a great attention. From their neighboring niche the microorganisms and plants have mounted the strength to accumulate and devour metal ions. It is confirmed that fungi yeast, bacteria, and plant cells can lessen inorganic metallic ions into metallic via means of their cellular metabolites. Both the stability and yield of biogenic NPs are quite acceptable. This review provides an overview of NPs, including their kinds, highlighted green synthesis, benefits, and drawbacks, features of NPs, NPs preparation methods, and the most relevant uses. It is notably predicted that biogenic NPs might be viable and affordable options for medicating drug resistant infections in near future.
Recent advancements in nanotechnology have resulted in improved medicine delivery to the target site. Nanosponges are three-dimensional drug delivery systems that are nanoscale in size and created by cross-linking polymers. The introduction of Nanosponges has been a significant step toward overcoming issues such as drug toxicity, low bioavailability, and predictable medication release. Using a new way of nanotechnology, nanosponges, which are porous with small sponges (below one µm) flowing throughout the body, have demonstrated excellent results in delivering drugs. As a result, they reach the target place, attach to the skin's surface, and slowly release the medicine. Nanosponges can be used to encapsulate a wide range of medicines, including both hydrophilic and lipophilic pharmaceuticals. The medication delivery method using nanosponges is one of the most promising fields in pharmacy. It can be used as a biocatalyst carrier for vaccines, antibodies, enzymes, and proteins to be released. The existing study enlightens on the preparation method, evaluation, and prospective application in a medication delivery system and also focuses on patents filed in the field of nanosponges.
The current scenario shifts the advancement of technology toward nanotechnology as well as nanoparticles (NPs). Both are extensively used in pharmaceutical drug delivery also. NPs play a key role in the encapsulation of hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic drugs into the polymeric shells which leads to an increase in the solubility, absorption, encapsulation, and drug loading capacity of the drugs. The major limitations of hydrophobic drugs are solubility issues which hindered the drug’s bioavailability. These limitations can be overcome by polymeric NPs. Both subtypes of polymeric NPs, i.e., nanosphere and nanocapsules are also for the encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs. Our graphical review focused on hydrophobic drug encapsulation through polymeric NP formulation only via two methods, i.e., nanoprecipitation as well as solvent evaporation methods. Both methods are extensively used for hydrophobic drugs and also hold unique properties. The nanoprecipitation method is a single-step method based upon the nucleation process, whereas the solvent evaporation method is a two-step emulsification method. The present graphical review summarized the available remedies through NPs to increase the solubility of hydrophobic drugs.
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