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Amblyopia is the most common cause of monocular visual impairment affecting 2-5% of the general population. Amblyopia is a developmental cortical disorder of the visual pathway essentially due to abnormal visual stimulus, reaching the binocular cortical cells, which may be multivariate. Ganglion cells are of two types: parvocellular (P cells) and magnocellular (M cells); they are the first step where the light energy is converted in to neural impulse. P cells are involved in fine visual acuity, fine stereopsis, and color vision and M cells are involved in gross stereopsis and movement recognition. Strabismus, refractive error, cataract, and ptosis, occurring during critical period are highly amblyogenic. The critical period extends from birth to 7--8 years. The earlier the clinically significant refractive error and strabismus are detected and treated, the greater the likelihood of preventing amblyopia. Treatment for amblyopia in children includes: optical correction of significant refractive errors, patching, pharmacological treatment, and alternative therapies which include: vision therapy, binocular therapy, and liquid crystal display eyeglasses are newer treatment modalities for amblyopia. Age of starting the treatment is not predictive of outcome, instituting treatment on detection and early detection plays a role in achieving better outcomes. This review aims to give a simplified update on amblyopia, which will be of use to a clinician, in understanding the pathophysiology of the complex condition. We also share the cortical aspects of amblyopia and give recent developments in the treatment of amblyopia.

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Femoral shaft fractures are among the most common pediatric injury and treatment of them carries a lot of controversies. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of titanium elastic nailing versus hip spica cast in femoral shaft fractures in children. This prospective study was conducted on 40 children of 5 to 15 years of age treated with titanium elastic nail or early hip spica cast for the fracture shaft of femur during July 2016 to October 2017 in the Department of Orthopaedics, R.I.M.S., Ranchi, Jharkhand. Majority of patients in both treatment group were male child with overall boy to girl ratio was 1.85:1. Mean age in titanium elastic nailing group was 9.82 ± 2.99 years and in spica group was 8.35 ± 2.53 years. RTA was most common mechanism of injury and right limb was more commonly involved in both groups. Union time was less in titanium elastic nailing group (8.80 1.76 week) than spica group (10.20 2.33 week) (p = 0.039). Patients in titanium elastic nailing group walked with and without support earlier than the spica cast group (p = 0.000). Most common complication in titanium elastic nailing group was limb lengthening (50%) followed by mal alignment (40%) while in spica group it was limb shortening (65%) followed by mal alignment (55%). Overall complication was higher in spica group. At final analysis, Flynn score was better in titanium elastic nailing group than in hip spica group (p = 0.365). Titanium elastic nailing is better method for the management of femoral shaft fractures in children as it results in higher rate of excellent functional outcome with lower incidence of complications.

The construction of national highways nowadays is preferred by using rigid pavements as they are durable, have the high flexural strength, can withstand different heavy axle loads, higher design span and moreover they can sustain adverse environmental conditions more efficiently with better ease. Considering their remarkable qualities, the national highways should be constructed by providing the tied shoulders and dowel bars in the transverse joints because they can better resist the fatigue accumulations on the slab with minimum safe thickness which ultimately leads to reduction in the cost of making the road efficiently. In this chapter, for the two different CBR conditions (CBR-9 & CBR-10) and three concrete mix design grades namely (M40, M45, M50) along with different shoulders and dowel bars conditions, the trial methods were carried on the IRC58 Software for bottom-up cracking fatigue analysis for single and tandem axle for day-time (6 hour) traffic and positive temperature differential and top-down cracking fatigue analysis for single, tandem and tridem axle for day-time (6 hour) traffic and negative temperature differential for evaluating the flexural stresses and cumulative fatigue damage values for the slab having dimensions of (3.5m x 4.5m). For determining the safe design, different trails on the thickness parameter of the slab were being adopted so as to get the cumulative fatigue values of BUC and TDC for single, tandem and tridem axles less than one. The results obtained showed that for which grade and CBR condition, the values of flexural stresses and cumulative fatigue damage determined is maximum. It was concluded that the rigid pavements should be constructed by using higher grades like M45 and M50 as the fatigue stresses and cumulative fatigue damage values due to variable single, tandem and tridem axle load repetitions obtained are less as compared to M40 grade. Keywords: California Bearing Ratio (CBR); Bottom Up Cracking (BUC); Top Down Cracking (TDC); Mix Design Grade Value (M), Indian Road Congress (IRC); Flexural Stresses; Cumulative Fatigue Damage(CFD)

From the past few years, the building and maintenance of high-quality roadways is vital. And nowadays, ministry of road transport and highways is shifting more on rigid pavements because of its good characteristics. The cost factor is the primary concern in every project. With the right design, even a slight reduction in the thickness of the concrete slab can save the project cost. As a result, an attempt was undertaken to build a two-lane, two-way National highway with variable concrete grades. The analysis has been carried out with variable slab thickness, different shoulder types and variable panel size of slab in which the cost has been optimized. Keywords: Rigid pavement, Design of joints, Different shoulder types in rigid pavement, Cost optimization in rigid pavement, Analysis of rigid pavement, IRC: 58-2015.

Estrus synchronization refers to manipulating the estrous cycle or inducing heat in a vast number of females in a given time period. Ovulation can be controlled by interrupting or influencing the wave-like follicular growth pattern. Estrus synchronization is achieved by shortening or prolonging the luteal phase using prostaglandins or exogenous progestogens, respectively. The selection of protocol depends on the assessment of resources, including facilities, labor, experience, and budget. PGF2α induces luteal regression followed by estrus and ovulation in cows when administered during the luteal period. Progestin suppresses the activity of the ovary and inhibits the dominant follicle maturation due to the suppression of both FSH and LH. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone or an analog is administered with PGF2α to estrous-cyclic and noncyclic cattle disrupts the patterns of follicular growth, inducing ovulation on a large follicle. To select and successfully implement the estrus synchronization regime in animals' proper knowledge of the hormonal profile and functional structure prevalent in ovaries in stages of estrus. Various protocols are available based on the hormone used, route of administration, requirements for heat detection, number of hormone injections, number of cattle handled, and injection time. Increased labor and upfront cost of hormone treatment, standard degree of supervision, and decent handling facilities are some of the drawbacks of this technique. Successful estrus synchronization necessitates optimum nutrition, a good body condition score, the best semen quality, general health, and an efficient estrus detection technique.