Disrupted cross-cellular communication signaling (cellular crosstalk) has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there is currently no systematic characterization of brain crosstalk networks in health and disease. We systematically characterized brain cellular crosstalk networks using single-nucleus transcriptomics data from a large cohort of control and AD brain donors (n=67). We found that crosstalk interactions between microglia and neurons were highly enriched to directly involve reported AD risk genes as ligands or receptors. Computational reconstruction of the co-expression networks associated with neuron-microglia crosstalk revealed they perturb additional known AD risk genes in microglia. We identified the interaction of neuronal SEMA6D (a PLXNA1 ligand) with a highly connected microglial regulatory sub-network involving TREM2, APOE, and HLA genes, which we predict is disrupted in late AD stages. Using CRISPR-modified human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia and treatment with recombinant SEMA6D, we experimentally demonstrated that SEMA6D promotes microglial phagocytosis and cytokine (TNFα and IL-6) release in a TREM2-dependent manner. The novel discovery that the SEMA6D-PLXNA1/TREM2 signaling axis is involved in the regulation of microglia function demonstrates that our systematic characterization of cellular crosstalk networks is an important strategy for discovering specific mediators of significant cross-cellular interactions important to AD pathogenesis, gaining wider insights into the biology of this disease, and uncovering novel therapeutics.
BACKGROUNDDental caries is a universal health problem with involving the people globally of all regions and society. The agonising fact is that despite several efforts towards total eradication, dental caries is still prevalent. As the prevalence of dental caries is very high among school children and there is a paucity of such data in Coimbatore and the literature review does not reveal many such studies from this area, the study was conducted in the school going children in Sulur. MATERIALS AND METHODSAll the students were screened visually using torch with the help of mouth mirror and probe and the observation recorded. A health screening camp was conducted for the students in private school, Sulur, February 20-25, 2017, by a team of doctors from PSG UHTC. A total of 1945 students were screened. The students health details have been entered in their health card and those requiring further evaluation have been counseled and the nursing staff at school has been requested to facilitate and guide for followup. All the students were screened visually using torch with the help of mouth mirror and probe and the observation recorded. All the students who were present in school during 20 th to 25 th were screened and considered as the inclusion criteria. The exclusion criteria were the absentees during this period. The students were made to sit in an ordinary chair in broad daylight facing away from the sunlight and examined in their school. Data were compiled in an excel worksheet and the percentage calculated. RESULTSA total of 1945 students were screened, of which, 541 students were found to have dental problems that is about 28% of the total screening done. The percentage of dental caries were found to be higher compared to other dental diseases like deep caries, malalignment, malocclusion and calculus. The percentage of dental caries was found to be higher in the females about 78% than the male for whom it was about 72%. The percentage of deep caries in female was 12% and male was 13%. The malocclusion in female 14% and 1% MFA (myofunctional appliance), male were about 15%. The percentage of calculus in female was 8% and male 13% and the follow up procedure for these conditions will be restoration, extraction, braces and MFA appliance and scaling. CONCLUSIONThe high prevalence rate shows further follow up and awareness among teachers, parents and students regarding dental caries and dental hygiene is needed. Awareness among students can be generated by the school teachers because they are role model for the students.
BACKGROUNDExcessive consumption of carbonated soft drink is detrimental to oral and general health and the popularity of the aerated drinks among adults has grown exponentially. This study aims at determining the prevalence of aerated drinks among students in PSG Institute of management. The focus of the study is mainly on the aerated drinks consumption pattern, frequency of consumption, reason and the following symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was conducted using questionnaire. About 200 students in PSG Institute of Management were taken for the study and the answer to the questions were analysed. RESULTSThe results showed that out of the total participants 93% reported consuming aerated drinks out of which 84% of participants were seen to consume aerated drink for a period of more than 3 years. About 55% of participants were found to have symptoms like sensitivity. About 41% of them were found to have anterior tooth discoloration and 47% of them were found to have bleeding gums. About 52% of them were found to have mouth dryness consuming aerated drinks. Hence, the participants who took larger quantity of aerated drinks for a longer period of time were found to have more than three symptoms of the study conducted (sensitivity, anterior tooth discoloration, bleeding gums and mouth dryness). CONCLUSIONThe above study clearly shows that there is an increase in proportion of consumption of aerated drinks among young adult, thus resulting in increased ill effect in the oral health.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.