Aims:To compare the canal transportation, centering ability, and remaining dentin thickness of WaveOne and ProTaper systems using cone beam computed tomography.Subjects and Methods:Forty extracted human single-rooted premolars were used in the present study. Preinstrumentation scanning of all teeth was taken; canal curvatures were calculated, and the samples were randomly divided into two groups, with twenty samples in each group; one group was instrumented with WaveOne system and the other group with ProTaper rotary system. Postinstrumentation scans were performed, and the two scans were compared to determine canal transportation, centering ability, and remaining dentin thickness at 3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm from the root apex.Statistical Analysis Used:Student's unpaired t-test.Results:Using Student's unpaired t-test, results were as follows: for canal transportation, Group 1 showed significant difference at 3 mm and 6 mm and insignificant difference at 9 mm while Group 2 showed insignificant difference in all the three regions. For centering ability and remaining dentin thickness, Group 1 showed insignificant difference at 3 mm and 9 mm while significant difference at 6 mm was obtained. When comparison of remaining dentin thickness was done at three levels using two groups WaveOne and ProTaper, there was no significant difference between two groups.Conclusions:(1) WaveOne single reciprocation file system respected better canal anatomy better than ProTaper. (2) Individually, centering ability of WaveOne was better at 3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm levels. (3) However, ProTaper individually was better centered at 3 mm (apical third) and 9 mm (coronal 3rd) levels than 6 mm level (middle third).
In this article, the flow of ternary nanofluid is analysed past a stretching sheet subjected to Thomson and Troian slip condition along with the temperature jump. The ternary nanofluid is formed by suspending three different types of nanoparticles namely $$\text{TiO}_{2}, \text{Cu}$$
TiO
2
,
Cu
and $$\text{Ag}$$
Ag
into water which acts as a base fluid and leads to the motion of nanoparticles. The high thermal conductivity and chemical stability of silver was the main cause for its suspension as the third nanoparticle into the hybrid nanofluid $$\text{Cu-TiO}_{2}/\text{H}_{2} \text{O}$$
Cu-TiO
2
/
H
2
O
. Thus, forming the ternary nanofluid $$\text{Ag-Cu-TiO}_{2}/\text{H}_{2} \text{O}$$
Ag-Cu-TiO
2
/
H
2
O
. The sheet is assumed to be vertically stretching where the gravitational force will have its impact in the form of free convection. Furthermore, the presence of radiation and heat source/sink is assumed so that the energy equation thus formed will be similar to most of the real life applications. The assumption mentioned here leads to the mathematical model framed using partial differential equations (PDE) which are further transformed to ordinary differential equations (ODE) using suitable similarity transformations. Thus, obtained system of equations is solved by incorporating the RKF-45 numerical technique. The results indicated that the increase in the suspension of silver nanoparticles enhanced the temperature and due to density, the velocity of the flow is reduced. The slip in the velocity decreased the flow speed while the temperature of the nanofluid was observed to be increasing.
Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation technique serves as a powerful tool to find the particle displacements due to surface wave propagation in bedded structure with distinct material properties. This study is carried out to investigate the transference of Love-type waves in functionally graded piezoelectric material layer bonded between viscous liquid and pre-stressed piezoelectric half-space. Following the elastic wave theory, the mathematical model is established. Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin method is applied to obtain the theoretical derivations in functionally graded piezoelectric material stratum where variation in material gradients is taken exponentially. Separation of variables method is employed to obtain the displacement components in viscous liquid and piezoelectric medium. Dispersion equations for considered surface wave are obtained in both electrically open and short cases. Profound effect of material gradient coefficient on phase velocity has been remarkably established. Some numerical examples are carried out and represented through graphs. The considered model facilitates a theoretical foundation and practical application for the development of surface acoustic wave devices.
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