BackgroundColonization by the pathogen Clostridium difficile often occurs in the background of a disrupted microbial community. Identifying specific organisms conferring resistance to invasion by C. difficile is desirable because diagnostic and therapeutic strategies based on the human microbiota have the potential to provide more precision to the management and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and its recurrence.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal study of adult patients diagnosed with their first CDI. We investigated the dynamics of the gut microbiota during antibiotic treatment, and we used microbial or demographic features at the time of diagnosis, or after treatment, to predict CDI recurrence. To check the validity of the predictions, a meta-analysis using a previously published dataset was performed.ResultsWe observed that patients’ microbiota “before” antibiotic treatment was predictive of disease relapse, but surprisingly, post-antibiotic microbial community is indistinguishable between patients that recur or not. At the individual OTU level, we identified Veillonella dispar as a candidate organism for preventing CDI recurrence; however, we did not detect a corresponding signal in the conducted meta-analysis.ConclusionAlthough in our patient population, a candidate organism was identified for negatively predicting CDI recurrence, results suggest the need for larger cohort studies that include patients with diverse demographic characteristics to generalize species that robustly confer colonization resistance against C. difficile and accurately predict disease relapse.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40168-017-0368-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The variation in the reported rates of KCS can be attributed to factors such as: limited sample size, age of patients sampled, gender, subjective versus objective determination of DED. The association between RA and KCS is well established and contributes to morbidity [4][5][6]. Features and pathogenesisSymptoms of KCS include: burning, gritty sensation and dryness. A recent meta-analysis demonstrated a link between dry eye disease and depression and anxiety [7]. If left untreated, KCS may lead to a lidwiper epitheliopathy (analogous to that found in long-term contact lens wearer), keratitis, and possibly even opacification of the cornea [8]. In severe cases, one can see paracentral corneal melts which can cause permanent visual loss, and even perforation.Inflammation has been postulated as the underlying cause for KCS [9]. The pathogenesis of RA involves an inappropriate attack on the

Background: The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that chronic very mild prenatal carbon monoxide (CO) exposure (25 parts per million) subverts the normal development of the rat cerebellar cortex. Studies at this chronic low CO exposure over the earliest periods of mammalian development have not been performed to date. Pregnant rats were exposed chronically to CO from gestational day E5 to E20. In the postnatal period, rat pups were grouped as follows: Group A: prenatal exposure to CO only; group B: prenatal exposure to CO then exposed to CO from postnatal day 5 (P5) to P20; group C: postnatal exposure only, from P5 to P20, and group D, controls (air without CO). At P20, immunocytochemical analyses of oxidative stress markers, and structural and functional proteins were assessed in the cerebellar cortex of the four groups. Quantitative real time PCR assays were performed for inducible (iNOS), neuronal (nNOS), and endothelial (eNOS) nitric oxide synthases.

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Marijuana is the most common drug of abuse in the United States. Marijuana has more than 460 active chemical compounds including δ-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). It acts via the CB1 and CB2 receptors that are distributed in various tissues in the body. Marijuana is known to cause tachycardia, bradycardia, hypertension, to decrease time angina, myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest. Till date, four cases of myocarditis/perimyocarditis associated with marijuana use have been reported. In one such case, it led to the development of heart failure in a young male patient. It is not clear if marijuana in and of itself causes myocarditis/perimyocarditis or if the etio-pathogenesis is actually related to the contaminants in marijuana such as pesticides and heavy metals. We hereby present a young male who with myocarditis related to marijuana use. Clinicians should have suspicion for myocarditis or perimyocarditis in patients presenting with chest pain following marijuana use.