The Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a seasonal infection prevalent in coastal areas whose intensity varies among various age groups. Escherichia coli is one of the major causative organisms. The current study is to the frequency of UTI in the Coastal region; understand the recent advances in alternative treatment & their efficacy. The known medication for the UTI is quinolones and cephalosporin. Cranberry extract is the only medicine used from a plant source that is expensive and not native to India. The main cause of UTI to spread is a lack of hygiene, sexual intercourse, and inadequate consumption of water. Change in the pH of the urethra during puberty & menopause in women facilitates the growth of opportunistic Uropathogens. Innate immunity can also contribute to the resistance of the body but a recent study says that infection rate varies among individuals considering their age, immunity, and lifestyle. The pathogens causing UTI are developing resistance against multiple drugs. From this study, we understand that Cranberry is the only plant source for the treatment of UTI in combination with antibiotics. There is a need to understand the importance of improving innate immunity and to know the best treatment regime to treat UTI.
Salacioideae is one of the subfamilies of the family Celastraceae. Salacia is a rare, endangered, and threatened genus found in India. Salacia is one of the Western Ghats' endemic species. Salacia species segregation and delimitation are difficult to achieve just based on taxonomic identification. The current research is an attempt to conduct a complete investigation into molecular phylogeny, estimation of age, and geographical implications of Salacia species. Salacia sp. Internal transcribed spacers (ITS), matK, and rcbL sequences from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala, and sequences from GenBank were utilized for the present study. Bayesian inference analysis (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) to construct a phylogenetic tree using MrBayes and RAxML software. BI tree was used to calculate the divergence age of the Salacia species. Utilizing RASP v.2.0b geographic inferences were analyzed. A Well resolved phylogenetic tree was observed in the ITS and ITS + matK + rbcl concatenated sequence of the old world (OWC) and new world (NWC) samples forming two major clades. However, a poorly resolved phylogenetic tree was observed in the matK + rbcL sequences. The crown age of OWC and NWC was 9.82 Ma and 17.4 Ma, respectively. Madagascar and East Africa Salacia species had common tip node age of 3.13 Ma. Phylogeographic analysis suggests a total of 50 dispersals and 25 vicariance events. Phylogeographic analysis reveals the Salacia species could have originated from Southeast Asia. The endemism and diversity of Salacia species in the Western Ghats are explained by the fact that Salacia species from various geographic regions were positioned discordantly in the phylogenetic trees, demonstrating a high level of sequence similarity and congruence.
Most frequently affecting women and those with diabetes, urinary tract infections (UTI) are a prevalent illness. Inappropriate management of the acute stage of the illness leads to pyelonephritis, which makes the condition chronic. Multiple medications are ineffective against the microorganisms that cause UTIs, due to multi-drug resistance. Escherichia coli fimbria contains the bacterial adhesin protein FimH, which is responsible for adhering bacteria to the host urinary tract's epithelial cells. Therefore, FimH becomes a crucial target for the development of drugs since it plays a key role in bacterial infections like UTIs. In the context, phytochemical intervention using Garcinia indica (Kokum) and Vaccinia macrocarpon (Cranberry) proves to be an effective alternative. Garcinia indica is a tropical plant endemic to India, particularly in the Karnataka, Kerala, and Maharashtra coastal regions. The fruit is abundant in anthocyanins and benzophenones, which have antibacterial properties against a variety of pathogens. Because the fruit includes antiadhesive flavonoids and proanthocyanins, Vaccinia macrocarpon fruit syrup is currently utilized as a treatment for UTIs and the fruit is native to America. The current study contrasts the inhibitory effects of secondary metabolites from Vaccinia macrocarpon and Garcinia indica on E. coli FimH protein. According to the study, garcinol and kaempferol from the plants’ Garcinia indica and Vaccinia macrocarpon, respectively, showed the highest affinities for the protein FimH.
It is of interest to document the molecular docking and simulation analysis of the FimH protein with 10 secondary metabolites from Garcinia species in the context of drug discovery for Urinary tract infections (UTIs). We report the optimal binding features of flavonoids with the FimH protein for further consideration in drug discovery.
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