BackgroundPerformance in intelligence tests tends to be higher among individuals breastfed as infants, but little is known about the association between breastfeeding and achieved schooling. We assessed the association of infant feeding with school achievement in five cohorts from low- and middle-income countries. Unlike high-income country settings where most previous studies come from, breastfeeding is not positively associated with socioeconomic position in our cohorts, thus reducing the likelihood of a spurious positive association.Methodology and Principal FindingsParticipants included 10,082 young adults from five birth cohorts (Brazil, India, Guatemala, the Philippines, and South Africa). The exposures variables were whether the subject was ever breastfed, total duration of breastfeeding, and age at introduction of complementary foods. We adjusted the estimates for age at follow up, sex, maternal age, smoking during pregnancy, birthweight and socioeconomic position at birth. The key outcome was the highest grade achieved at school. In unadjusted analyses, the association between ever breastfeeding and schooling was positive in Brazil, inverse in the Philippines, and null in South Africa; in adjusted analyses, these associations were attenuated. In Brazil, schooling was highest among individuals breastfed for 3–12 months whereas in the Philippines duration of breastfeeding was inversely associated with schooling; and null associations were observed in South Africa and Guatemala. These associations were attenuated in adjusted models. Late introduction of solid foods was associated with lower schooling achievement in Brazil and South Africa.ConclusionMeasures of breastfeeding are not consistently related to schooling achievement in contemporary cohorts of young adults in lower and middle-income countries.
Objective: This study examined how parental caregiving and parent-child closeness are associated with future fathering among 335 Filipino men who are participants in a long-running birth cohort study. Background Few studies have multidecade longitudinal data to test the pathways through which parenting is transmitted across generations, with most relevant research conducted in the United States, Europe, and other similar settings. The roles of mothers and fathers in shaping their sons' future parenting is particularly understudied despite fathers having the potential to positively influence child health and development.
The study aimed to determine whether the association between body mass index (BMI) and hypertension is modified by menopausal status among Filipino women. Participants included 1,804 women (aged 38 to 71 yr) from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure >= 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >=90 mmHg, BMI was calculated using measured weight and height, and menopausal status was based on self reports over multiple survey years. Controlling for age, smoking and fasting blood glucose levels, logistic regression analysis showed that BMI increased hypertension odds in all women. Using likelihood ratio test, we found significant interaction between BMI and menopausal status (p<0.05). Compared to premenopausal women, the effect of BMI on hypertension odds was lower among post‐menopausal women (odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.14, (1.10, 1.18) versus 1.09 (1.05, 1.12), respectively). Results suggest that BMI may be more of a risk factor before menopause possibly due to different competing risks associated with menopausal status. NIH 1 R03TW008133‐01, 1 R01 HL085144
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