This paper presents a comparison of traditional thermal and chemical reduction methods with more recent ionizing radiation reduction via gamma rays and electron beams (e-beams). For GO, all synthesis protocols were adapted to increase production scale and are a contribution of this work. The typical Raman D-band of the GO was prominent (ID/IG ratio increased sixfold). When comparing the GO reduction techniques, dramatic differences in efficiency and GO particle characteristics were observed. Although thermal and chemical reduction are effective reduction methods, as shown through the use of FTIR spectroscopy and the C/O ratio from EDS chemical analysis, the thermal process renders great weight losses, whereas chemical processing may involve the use of hazardous chemical compounds. On the other hand, comparing the gamma rays and e-beam for 80 kGy, the Raman spectra and chemical analysis suggested that the e-beam caused a greater GO reduction: C/O ratio from EDS of 5.4 and 4.1, respectively. In addition to being fast and effective, ionizing radiation reduction processes allow easier control of the reduction degree by adjusting the radiation dose. When the dose increased from 40 to 80 kGy, the Raman spectra and EDS showed that the ID/IG and C/O ratios increased by 15 and 116%, respectively.
Paulo (USP) e aos seus funcionários que durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho proporcionaram todas as condições necessárias para meu desenvolvimento acadêmico. A todos os colegas do laboratório de polímeros, pelos conselhos, discussões, dicas e apoio, diariamente, durante todo o trabalho. À Professora Doutora Ticiane Sanches Valera, pelo apoio, incentivo, ensinamento e orientação durante a realização deste trabalho. Às empresas Nacional Grafite e ExxonMobil, pela doação dos materiais utilizados nesse trabalho. Às instituições de pesquisa IPEN, IPT e CNPEM pelo auxílio nas caracterizações dos materiais. À CAPES pelo apoio financeiro. "O caminho mais doce inofensivo da vida passa pelas avenidas da ciência e do saber; e, quem quer que possa remover quaisquer obstáculos desta via ou abrir uma nova perspectiva, deve ser considerado um benfeitor da humanidade" (HUME, D. Investigação sobre o entendimento humano.
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