In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were successfully fabricated through the harnessing of metabolites present in the cell filtrate of a newly isolated and identified microalga Arthrospira platensis (Class: Cyanophyceae). The formed ZnO-NPs were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Data showed the efficacy of cyanobacterial metabolites in fabricating spherical, crystallographic ZnO-NPs with a size ≈30.0 to 55.0 nm at a wavelength of 370 nm. Moreover, FT-IR analysis showed varied absorption peaks related to nanoparticle formation. XPS analysis confirms the presence of Zn(II)O at different varied bending energies. Data analyses exhibit that the activities of biosynthesized ZnO-NPs were dose-dependent. Their application as an antimicrobial agent was examined and formed clear zones, 24.1 ± 0.3, 21.1 ± 0.06, 19.1 ± 0.3, 19.9 ± 0.1, and 21.6 ± 0.6 mm, at 200 ppm against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, respectively, and these activities were reduced as the NPs concentration decreased. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined as 50 ppm for S. aureus, 25 ppm for P. aeruginosa, and 12.5 ppm for B. subtilis, E. coli, and C. albicans. More interestingly, ZnO-NPs exhibit high in vitro cytotoxic efficacy against cancerous (Caco-2) (IC50 = 9.95 ppm) as compared with normal (WI38) cell line (IC50 = 53.34 ppm).
Biosorption is a bioremediation approach for the removal of harmful dyes from industrial effluents using biological materials. This study investigated Methylene blue (M. blue) and Congo red (C. red) biosorption from model aqueous solutions by two marine macro-algae, Ulva fasciata and Sargassum dentifolium, incorporated within acrylic fiber waste to form composite membranes, Acrylic fiber-U. fasciata (AF-U) and Acrylic fiber-S. dentifolium (AF-S), respectively. The adsorption process was designed to more easily achieve the 3R process, i.e., removal, recovery, and reuse. The process of optimization was implemented through one factor at a time (OFAT) experiments, followed by a factorial design experiment to achieve the highest dye removal efficiency. Furthermore, isotherm and kinetics studies were undertaken to determine the reaction nature. FT-IR and SEM analyses were performed to investigate the properties of the membrane. The AF-U membrane showed a significant dye removal efficiency, of 88.9% for 100 ppm M. blue conc. and 79.6% for 50 ppm C. red conc. after 240 min sorption time. AF-S recorded a sorption capacity of 82.1% for 100 ppm M. blue conc. after 30 min sorption time and 85% for 100 ppm C. red conc. after 240 min contact time. The membranes were successfully applied in the 3Rs process, in which it was found that the membranes could be used for five cycles of the removal process with stable efficiency.
Nutritional and mineral compositions were evaluated for five seaweed species collected from Red Sea during the winter of 2008. These species were Dictyota divaricata, Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassum subrepandum and Turbinaria triquetra from Phaeophyta and Caulerpa serrulata from Chlorophyta. Moisture contents in algal samples were from 10.6g.100g-1 in Caulerpa serrulata to 23.6g.100g-1 in Turbinaria triquetra. Other species had moisture contents more close to C. serrulata. Total dietary fiber was the most abundant component in these algae (18.6% to 55.41%), followed by ash content (17.057 to 29.573 g.100g-1) and carbohydrates (14.6 to 45.6 100g-1). Proteins in all species were from 3.87% to 14.48%. D. divaricata had the highest content of total lipids (10.51%); meanwhile other species showed (4.24-1.62%). The five algal species contained large amounts of Na, Ca, K and Fe, moderate amounts of Zn, and were lower in Cu, Cd, Ni and Mn. Pb was measured as 0.001 ppm in P. tetrastromatica and was absent in the other species.
Cyanobacteria or blue green algae have become more world wide spread, Oscillatoria brevis (O. brevis) is one of the most toxic species collected from freshwater Suez canal during algal bloom condition and was grown in blue green medium (BG-11) under laboratory conditions. In vitro assessment of cardio-toxicity of O. brevis was carried out by recording Electrocardiogram (ECG) after direct perfusion of isolated toads' hearts with 5µg/ml of O. brevis extract. Moreover, the mechanism of action of O. brevis extract on myocardium was revealed by the pharmacological tests using muscarinic receptor blocker (atropine sulfate), propranolol hydrochloride and verapamil. Oxidative stress induced by O. brevis was estimated by incubation of mice blood with 1µg/ml of O. brevis at 37 0 C for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hours respectively to determine the level of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants activities. Perfusion of isolated toads' hearts with 5µg/ml O. brevis extract significantly decreased the heart rate with an increase in the conduction time (P-R interval). Also, a remarkable increase in the power of ventricular contraction was observed, It was suggested that O. brevis could act through Ca 2+ channels where verapamil application abolished the increase in myocardial contractility noticed after 10 minutes of O. brevis extract application. Lipid peroxidation and blood catalase activity significantly increased while a pronounced decline of blood glutathione concentration and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity were noticed. Oxidative stress induced by O. brevis could underlying the cardiotoxicity which is represented by sinus arrhythmia, ectopic beats and heart infarction.
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