In recent years, the availability of chatbot applications has increased substantially with the advancement of artificial intelligence techniques, and research efforts have been active in the English language, which presents state-of-the-art solutions. However, despite the popularity of the Arabic language, its research community is still in an immature stage. Therefore, the main objective of this systematic literature review is studying state-of-the-art researchfor both the English and Arabic languagesto answer the proposed research questions regarding the development approaches, application domains, evaluation metrics, and development challenges of chatbot applications. The findings show that researchers have devoted more attention to the education domain using retrieval-based approaches while the generation-based approach has grown in popularity recently for providing new responses tasks. Whereas the hybrid approach for ranking multi-possible responses of combining both previous approaches shows a performance improvement. Besides, most metrics used to evaluate chatbot performance are human-based, followed by bilingual evaluation understudy and accuracy metrics. However, defining a common framework for evaluating chatbots remains a challenge. Finally, the open problems and future directions are highlighted to help in developing chatbots with minimal human interference to simulate natural conversations.

Breast cancer is a common and fatal disease among women worldwide. Accurately and early diagnosing of breast cancer plays a pivotal role in improving the prognosis of patients. Recently, advanced techniques of artificial intelligence and natural image classification have been used for the breast cancer image classification task and have become a hot topic for research in machine learning. This paper proposes a fully automatic computerized method for breast cancer classification using two well-established pretrained CNN models, namely VGG16 and ResNet50. Next, the feature extraction process is used to extract features in a hierarchical manner to train a support vector machine classifier. Evaluating the proposed model shows achieving 92% accuracy.In addition, this paper investigates the effect of different factors, highlights its findings, and provides future directions for the research to develop more advanced models.