Road users are the primary and most important aspect of the transport system. Providing for user needs is the primary characteristic of a sustainable transport system. Road user behaviour is considered the main contributory factor to the majority of road accidents. Therefore, successful and effective strategic road safety plans focus on improving road user behaviour by considering seven road user risk factors: drinking-drivers, seatbelts, child restraints, speed management, wearing helmets, using a mobile phone while driving, and driving while under the influence of drugs. Law legislation and enforcement regarding these factors are adopted by the United Nations and the World Health Organisation as the most effective long-term approaches for improving road user behaviour, thereby improving the level of road safety. This research assesses the implementation of strategies for improving road user behaviour, and measures the extent to which these strategies have been successful in improving the overall level of road safety at a national level. An index is developed for each of the road user factors and aggregated to develop a road user assessment index. This index is used for monitoring progress in implementing the action of road safety law legislation and enforcement at the national level, and for comparing countries according to the behaviour of their road users. The results of the research show that not all countries consider all of the above noted risk factors in their road safety laws; furthermore, the ranking of countries according to the results of applying the developed index is different than the ranking calculated according to road deaths for roughly 60% of countries. It is recommended that other factors of road safety be addressed, and additional strategies for improving road user behaviour be adopted, according to how they have been implemented in countries that have achieved a significant decline in road fatalities.
The aim of this paper is to review research conducting the impact of land use variables on the travel behaviour. It is focused on the density as an important measure of land use that reflects the interaction with the transportation system. The effect of density has been addressed years ago; therefore, papers have been published since 1960s were reviewed in this paper. These papers are classified into two groups according to the most common measure of the density and the most common variables of the travel behaviour considered in these researches. The first group contains about 26 papers published before 2000 while the second group contains about 45 papers published after 2000. It has been noticed that the population density is the main term of density used in the first group while the employment density and the configuration of densities are integrated as measures in the papers published after 2000. The direct relationship with mode choice and travel length has been approved. However, there are some gaps are identified in the discussion and conclusion sections, such as the effect on the trip production rate, the type of trips according to its purposes, internal and external, and weekdays and weekend.
The aim of this research is to assess the road safety performance in Southeast Asian countries to measure to what extent the new vision "safe system" is considered in the national road safety strategies. For this, a road safety index RSAI(ESA) is developed to use as a tool of assessment. The theoretical framework is based on the main pillars of safe system principles: safer roads and mobility, safer vehicles, and safer road users. A set of indicators are selected based on specific criteria. Each indicator is weighted, normalised, then aggregated using a simple linear additive aggregation method to construct the RSAI(ESA). This index is used to assess the performance of road safety in Southeast Asian countries, and then to rank the countries accordingly. The results show that the countries which have high rate of road crashes have started to take action to solve road safety problems, while some countries need to take further steps to apply the recommendations of the DARS 2011-2020. The setting of the minimum vehicle safety standards regulated by the United Nations (UN) is the most critical element that all the countries in this region should consider in their road safety strategies.
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