16S rRNA gene amplification by real time PCR and sequence analysis could be served as ideal and reliable genetic-based methods to diagnose and rule out sepsis with provision of additional data that cannot be obtained by routine laboratory tests with a shorter turnaround time than those with culture-based protocols.

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. All authors planned and designed the study, wrote the protocol, collected the samples, performed the practical laboratory activities, participated in the interpretation of the results and analysis, drafted and critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most commonly acquired bacterial infection. Biofilm formation being the prime cause for antibiotic resistance by uropathogenes. The purpose of this study was to detect biofilm formation by uropathogenes isolated from UTIs, their antibiotic susceptibility pattern and detection of genes responsible for biofilm production in some isolates. The isolated bacteria were tested for biofilm production by tube adherence (TA), congo red agar (CRA) and micro titer plate (MtP) methods. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and detection of genes responsible for biofilm production in some isolates by PCR. Out of 320 cultures positive cases 146 (46.5 %) isolates were biofilm producers Ecoli was the commonest uropathogen followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus feacalis. The antibiotic resistance was higher among biofilm producers to commonly used antibiotics as compared to non biofilm producers. The detection of icaD gene of Staph. areus and cup gene of pseudomonas by PCR was siginfiacntly related to its detection by congo red agar method, while there no significant relation between detection of ESP gene by PCR and the three used conventional methods. It was concluded that the ability of slime production, adherence and biofilm formation of uropathogenic strains had significant role in antibiotic resistance. Biofilm formation is the major virulence determinant of uropathogen, so it is necessary to screen all urinary isolates for biofilm production.

These findings suggest that the PTPN22 1858T allele could be a T1DM susceptibility factor in the Egyptian population and that it might play a different role in susceptibility to T1DM according to gender in T1DM patients.

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