This paper discusses the behaviour of different thermophysical properties of CuO water-based nanofluids, including the thermal and hydraulic performance and pumping power. Different experimental and theoretical studies that investigated each property of CuO/water in terms of thermal and fluid mechanics are reviewed. Classical theories cannot describe the thermal conductivity and viscosity. The concentration, material, and size of nanoparticles have important roles in the heat transfer coefficient of CuO/water nanofluids. Thermal conductivity increases with large particle size, whereas viscosity increases with small particle size. The Nusselt number depends on the flow rate and volume fraction of nanoparticles. The causes for these behaviour are discussed. The magnitude of heat transfer rate is influenced by the use of CuO/water nanofluids. The use of CuO/water nanofluids has many issues and challenges that need to be classified through additional studies.
The study systematically explored the effect of alkali concentration and soaking time on the microstructure and tensile properties of single-cellulosic Buluh Semantan. Scanning electron microscopy and tensile tests were conducted to determine the effects of different alkali treatments on the properties of the single-cellulosic bamboo fibers. In particular, the effects of NaOH concentration and soaking time on the tensile properties of the single-cellulosic bamboo fiber were investigated. The single-cellulosic bamboo fiber was immersed in 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt.% aqueous NaOH solutions for soaking times of 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h. The tensile properties of the fiber increased after each alkali treatment. The alkali concentration and soaking time significantly affected the fiber properties. The ultimate tensile strength of the single-cellulosic Buluh Semantan treated with 2 wt.% NaOH for 12 h decreased to 214 MPa relative to the fibers that experienced water retting. The highest tensile strength herein was 356.8 MPa for the single-cellulosic fiber that was soaked for 12 h in 4 wt.% NaOH. Comparatively, the tensile strength of the single-cellulosic bamboo fiber that was soaked for 12 h in 8 wt.% NaOH was 234.8 MPa. The tensile modulus of the single-cellulosic fiber was 12.06 GPa after soaking in 8 wt.% NaOH for 18 h, indicating that a strong alkali treatment negatively affected the stiffness and suitability for use of the fibers in applications. The topography of the fiber surface became much rougher after the alkali treatments due to the removal of hemicellulose and other surface impurities. The alkali treatments substantially changed the morphology of the fiber surface, suggesting an increase in wettability.
This paper presents a comprehensive review on the battery especially Lithium-ion batteries and the battery thermal management systems for electric vehicles. The basics of the battery system and thermal issues related to the battery have been highlighted. Different battery thermal management systems have been discussed in the review. This paper has presented different thermal management systems for electric vehicle battery in details. Air cooling, phase change, and liquid cooling are studied in the reviewed literature, by showing and discussing the results of the previous studies in these fields. Most promising thermal management system is the liquid cooling, because it has the best cooling potential for the EV batteries which gets the researchers attention to improve it based on wide number of increasing studies and developments in the EV liquid cooling systems. Improving the hydraulic and thermal performance of the liquid cold plate which is part of the EV liquid colling systems has not widely been explored in the fields of developing inlets design, outlets, and fins. The review paper could guide the researchers to innovate better liquid cooling systems and improve their cooling and hydraulic performance in battery thermal management systems.
The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of bamboo mesoparticle/nylon 6 composites. The challenge in this paper is that there has been very limited research done on the effect of fibre loading on the mechanical properties of natural bamboo mesoparticles as reinforcement for nylon 6 in order to reduce the cost of production while maintaining the high composite mechanical properties. The average size of the bamboo mesoparticles used was 0.25 μm. The mesoparticle/nylon 6 composites were prepared by mixing bamboo mesoparticles and nylon 6 using a laboratory blender mixer machine, followed by preparation of samples using an injection moulding machine. The fibre loadings were 9 wt.%, 13 wt.%, and 18 wt.%. The mechanical properties of the composites examined were tensile, flexural, and impact properties, while tensile fracture surfaces of the mesocomposites were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that 13 wt.% fibre loading has the best tensile strength and modulus with improvements of 15% and 25%, respectively, compared to neat nylon 6. A slight increase in the flexural strength and modulus with increasing fibre loading from 9 to 13 wt.% was observed. However, a lack of performance was observed in the impact strength of the bamboo mesoparticle/nylon 6 composites. Electron microscopic examination revealed no filler clumping aggregation and less void formation when 13 wt.% fibre loading was used, which indicates that a relatively high amount of energy was consumed to break the 13 wt.% bamboo mesoparticle/nylon 6 composites. Overall, the results indicated that the tensile and mechanical properties of bamboo mesoparticle/nylon 6 composites increased with increased fibre loadings.
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