Hatchery culture of mud crabs has not yet achieved commercial viability despite decades of research e¡orts. Further research is therefore needed to better understand larval culture requirements of the crab. Based on anecdotal observations, an experiment was carried out to test whether the background colour of the culture vessel a¡ected larval culture success. Newly hatched larvae of Scylla serrata were reared in culture vessels of ¢ve colours, i.e., black, dark green, maroon, sky blue and white. Larval survival and development were monitored daily until all of them either moulted to the ¢rst crab stage or died. The results showed clear e¡ects of background colour on larval survival. A general tendency of higher larval survival in darker-coloured backgrounds was evident. In particular, overall zoeal survival for larvae reared in black vessels was signi¢cantly higher than those reared in white ones. Background colour also appeared to a¡ect larval development. Larvae reared in darker backgrounds generally had shorter development times and more synchronized moulting. A signi¢cant delay in zoeal development was observed in larvae reared in white vessels. Dark backgrounds possibly facilitated more e⁄cient feeding, reduced settlement of larvae at the bottom of the vessels as well as minimized stress. This result appears to be the ¢rst to demonstrate that background colour can signi¢cantly a¡ect larval survival and development of a crustacean species.
Results from this exploratory clinical study indicated that financial anxiety-holding an unhealthy attitude about one's financial situation-and physiological arousal-the physical precursor to behavior-play important roles in shaping consumer intention to engage in future financial planning activity. Findings suggested that those who are most likely to engage the services of a financial adviser exhibit low levels of financial anxiety and moderate to high levels of physiological arousal. The least likely to seek the help of a financial adviser were those who exhibited high financial anxiety and low physiological arousal. Results supported findings documented in the literature that high anxiety levels often lead to a form of self-imposed helplessness. In order to move those experiencing financial anxiety towards financial solutions, financial advisers ought to take steps to simultaneously reduce financial stressors and stimulate arousal as a way to promote behavioral change and help seeking.
This study investigated the degree to which the financial risk tolerance of individuals was influenced by volatility in the U.S. equities market during the period of the Great Recession. Based on data from a valid and reliable risk tolerance scale and return information for the Standard and Poor’s (S&P) 500 index, there does appear to be some associations between daily market volatility and changes in risk tolerance scores. Changes in risk tolerance scores were also calculated using short- and intermediate-term volatility measures. The relationships do vary, however, with evidence supporting the relationship only 64% of the time. Overall, changes in financial risk tolerance scores were found to be modest. Although not following hypothesized directions at all times, risk tolerance was not influenced by the length of volatility measurements.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an estimate of the degree to which financial risk tolerance changed in relation to the initial surge of COVID-19 cases in the US.Design/methodology/approachData from a large sample of investors and other consumers covering the period beginning April 2019 and ending in early May 2020 were used to estimate aggregate levels of financial risk tolerance and to determine if the willingness to take financial risk changed across five distinct periods in relation to the spread of COVID-19.FindingsA general reduction in aggregate levels of financial risk tolerance was observed during the initial peak of COVID-19 period and the subsequent declaration of a pandemic, with the most significant drop in risk tolerance being exhibited by those who were 25 years of age or younger.Practical implicationsThe findings from this study – primarily that in terms of FRT, the COVID-19 pandemic impacted young people disproportionately – suggest that in addition to helping young people feel comfortable in terms of their personal health situation and access to employment and health insurance, policy makers, financial service firms and financial literacy educators should provide information and guidance to young people regarding why being willing to take financial risks is important and how FRT corresponds to the proper functioning of the investment markets.Originality/valueA data-drive methodology was utilized in this study to define the periods. This approach was taken due to the lack of defined and published pandemic interval periods specific to COVID19. However, the findings based on the data-driven methodology bring practical implications such as young people are sincerely considered in the catastrophic situation.
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