Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) in international environmental laws (mainly, but not limited to, biodiversity) converges with human rights instruments on indigenous people. State parties should take legislative, administrative, and practical measures to realize the ABS regimes. This article argues that there are normative and practical gaps including confusing ABS with compensation in Ethiopian domestic laws and actual implementation, while ABS itself is not well understood. The article finally recommends legal amendments and policymakers' political move to comply with the country's international duty.
An international forest sustainability treaty is essential to encourage states to work for restoration and minimize the loss of existing forests. However, such a treaty is unlikely despite the many efforts of different actors, including UN organizations. Due to these barriers, this article analyzes the interconnection and integration among some International Environmental Law instruments including, but not limited to: The Rio-Conventions along with their associated protocols and soft laws. It employed combinations of evaluative and comparative approaches to identify forest issues clearly in definitions, objectives, and existence of target specific goals, integration of laws and practices, and improvements made on forest quality and quantity. As a result, the instruments have minimum legal bases for state parties' cooperation to enhance forest gain and minimize forest loss. However, they face paradox of convergence and divergence, added to their incompleteness and fragmentation.
The general purpose of regulating chemical and hazardous waste in international legal frameworks is to protect against life-threatening and adverse impacts on the environment during its generation and use at the domestic level and global transfer. Implementing these global regimes can be effective at the national level when the top leadership makes environmental protection a priority agenda in its policy and legislation, shifting from a traditional economic development attitude to harmonizing environmental, human rights, and economic growth needs. To this end, the joint plans and actions of institutions, which should be augmented by public involvement and judicial activism, play crucial roles. Mining companies should also be part of this cooperative framework, changing their enclave attitude and exclusionary approach. This paper analyzes the implementation of chemical- and hazardous-waste-based global regimes in Ethiopia by adopting a comparative method as a lesson from other jurisdictions. It argues that realizing multilateral agreements remains in the dock due to legal and practical gaps. The applicable domestic laws are flawed, exhibiting inconsistency, fragmentation, and inadequacy. Additionally, the state’s conduct does not balance its or investors’ economic interests with those of indigenous people, including their health, livelihood, and the environment. Thus, it recommends legal rectification and practical compliance with international law to realize the sustainable viability of human health and environmental media.
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