BackgroundEarly HIV diagnosis and access to treatment is one of the most effective ways to prevent its further spread and to protect the health of those living with the virus. However, delay in diagnosis is the major risk factor for uptake of and response to antiretroviral therapy.MethodsInstitution-based unmatched case-control study design was used in the study. The study was conducted in Debre-Markos and Finote-Selam Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. Cases were people living with HIV who had CD4 count <350cells/mm3 or WHO clinical stage III and IV regardless of the CD4 count at first presentation and controls were those who had CD4 count ≥350cells/mm3 or WHO clinical stage I and II. If both criteria were available, the CD4 count was used in the study as World Health Organization recommended. A total of 392 respondents (196 cases and 196 controls) were recruited and selected systematically. The data were collected by trained nurses using chart review and interviewer administered structured questionnaire. Binary Logistic Regression Model was used to identify the factors associated with late HIV diagnosis.ResultsAbout 95.9 % of study participants provided complete response. Having no understanding, compared to having understanding, about HIV/AIDS (AOR = 1.7, 95 %CI = 1.08–2.79) and ART (AOR = 2.1, 95 %CI: 1.25–3.72), being tested as a result of symptoms/ illness, compared to being tested for risk exposure (inverted AOR =2.5, 95 %CI: 1.64–4.76), and acquiring HIV through sexual contact, compared to acquiring it through other modes (AOR = 2.5, 95 %CI = 1.52–4.76) were positively and independently associated with late HIV diagnosis.ConclusionsUnlike perceived HIV stigma, having no understanding about HIV and ART, being tested for presence of symptoms/illness, and acquiring HIV through sexual contact were independent and significant factors for late HIV diagnosis.
Background:Early HIV diagnosis and access to treatment is one of the most effective ways to prevent its further spread and to protect the health of those living with the virus. However, delay in diagnosis is the major risk factor for uptake of and response to antiretroviral therapy. Methods:Institution-based unmatched case-control study design was used in the study. The study was conducted in Debre-Markos and Finote-Selam Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. Cases were people living with HIV who had CD4 count<350 cells/mm 3 or WHO clinical stage III and IV regardless of the CD4 count at first presentation and controls were those who had CD4 count ≥ 350 cells/mm 3 or WHO clinical stage I and II. If both criteria were available, the CD4 count was preferred as recommended by World Health Organization. A total of 392 respondents [196 cases and 196 controls] were recruited and selected systematically. The data were collected by trained nurses using chart review and interviewer administered structured questionnaire. Binary Logistic Regression Model was used to identify the factors associated with late HIV diagnosis. Findings: out of the total of 392 participants, 376 [187 cases and 189 controls] people living with HIV provided complete response. Having no understanding, compared to having understanding, about HIV/AIDS [AOR=1.7, 95%CI=1.08-2.79] and ART [AOR=2.1, 95%CI: 1.25-3.72], being tested as a result of symptoms/ illness, compared to being tested for risk exposure [inverted AOR =2.5, 95%CI: 1.64-4.76],and acquiring HIV through sexual contact, compared to acquiring it through other modes [AOR=2.5, 95%CI=1.52-4.76] were positively and independently associated with late HIV diagnosis. Conclusions: Unlike perceived HIV stigma, having no understanding about HIV and ART, being tested for presence of symptoms/illness, and acquiring HIV through sexual contact were independent and significant factors for late HIV diagnosis.
Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are still quite common in low-income countries including Ethiopia, particularly in children due to low-quality drinking water, poor personal and environmental sanitation. Disabled individuals are excluded from most academic, economic, social and cultural opportunities, they're among the poorest and most marginalized of the whole world’s people. The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of Intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among mentally disabled and non-disabled students at primary schools in Bahir Dar city, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia, 2018. Methods: A school-based Comparative cross-sectional study design was used from November 1 - 30 2018. A total of 418 study participants, 104 mentally disabled and 314 non-disabled students were recruited through simple random sampling technique. The collected data were coded, entered and cleaned with EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% Confidence interval at 5% level of significance was used to measure the strength of association, P-value <0.05 indicated the presence of a statistically significant association. Results: The mean age of study participants was 14.05±3.66 and 11.96 ±2.94 for mentally disabled students and non-disabled students respectively. Prevalence of parasitic infection was 59(56.7%) for mentally disabled students whereas 129(41.1%) for non-disabled students. Unclean fingernails [AOR=2.416; 1.400,4.168], health checkup [AOR=1.869;1.156,3.023], hand washing habit with water only[AOR=2.476; 1.489,4.119],cooking and sanitation source of water [AOR=4.404; 2.319,8.364], Family size>=7[AOR=2.736;1.249,5.994],Grade(1-4)[AOR=2.272;1.408,3.666]and sex [AOR=1.642;1.026,2.627] were variables which showed statistically significant association with intestinal parasitic infections Conclusion: Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was higher among mentally disabled students than non-disabled students. Unclean finger nails, health checkup, hand washing habit, source of water, family size, Grade of students and sex of students were had statistically significant association with intestinal parasitic infections. Periodic medicinal treatment was needed twice a year for mentally disabled and once a year for non-disabled students.
Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are still common in low-income countries including Ethiopia, particularly in children due to low-quality drinking water, poor personal and environmental sanitation. Disabled individuals are excluded from most academic, economic, social and cultural opportunities, they are among the poorest and most marginalized of the whole world’s people. The aim of this study wasto assess the prevalenceof intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among mentally disabled and non-disabled students at primary schools in Bahir Dar city, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia, 2018. Methods:A school-based Comparative cross-sectional study design was conductedfrom November 1 – 30, 2018. A total of 418 study participants, 104 mentally disabled and 314 non-disabled students were recruited through a simple random sampling technique. The collected data were coded, entered and cleaned with EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections. The adjusted odds ratio with a 95% Confidence interval at a 5% level of significance was used to measure the strength of association. Results: The mean age of study participants was 14.05±3.66 and 11.96 ±2.94 for mentally disabled students and non-disabled students. Prevalence of parasitic infection was 56.70% (n=59) for mentally disabled students whereas 41.10%(n=129) for non-disabled students. Uncleanfingernails [AOR=2.42; 1.40,4.17], health checkups [AOR=1.87;1.16,3.02], hand washing with water only[AOR=2.48; 1.49,4.12],cooking and sanitation source of water [AOR=4.40;2.32,8.36],Grade(1-4)[AOR=2.27;1.41,3.67], sex [AOR=1.64;1.03,2.63] and Familysize>=7[AOR=2.74;1.25,5.99] were variables which showed statistically significant association with intestinal parasitic infections. Conclusion: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was higher among mentally disabled students than non-disabled students. Unclean fingernails, health checkups, hand washing habits, source of water, family size, sex and Grade of students have had a statistically significant association with intestinal parasitic infections. Periodic medicinal treatment was needed twice a year for mentally disabled and once a year for non-disabled students.
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