This study aimed to evaluate the challenges and patterns of seeking primary health care services in slums of Karachi, where about 60% of the population lives in various informal settlements. We surveyed 8 largest slums of the metropolitan, and analyzed the data both descriptively and inferentially to evaluate the factors associated with health care seeking behavior. Significantly positive association of quality health care seeking behavior and various socioeconomic indicators were found. In addition, substantial insights about the conditions of slum dwellers and health challenges of the population, such as low immunization and low vaccinations, among others, were reported. Thus, the role of policymakers is emphasized to strategize for the inclusion of these people in national health plans and to develop health infrastructure near these communities. Furthermore, there is a strong need to increase awareness of the population about hygiene practices, importance of immunization, and importance of utilizing appropriate health care services.

Individuals who have fear speaking publically suffer from strong fear in social performance situations and social sphere. (Stein, Walker, & Forde, 1996).This research aims to investigate (a) if the level of anxiety is higher in females then males while speaking publically. (b) if students tend to be more anxious while speaking infront of opposite gender (c) if there is an association between reduction in public speaking fear in students and adaptation of effective psycho-physiological strategies for language learning. Samples of 126 undergraduate students have been selected in an equal ratio of male and female students from university of Karachi. Frequency and percentage analysis has been made to determine the level of public speaking fear in male and female students. A factorial ANOVA has been applied for comparative analysis of anxiety levels in males and females while presenting in front of the opposite gender. Further, a paired t-test has been applicable to determine if psychophysiological strategies for language learning are effective for reduction in glossophobia. The study affirmed that female students get more anxious then males while giving speech publically. It has also found that there is no effect of gender of audience on anxiety level of students during public speaking. Public speaking anxiety has a strong relationship with the adaptation of psycho-physiological strategies and can be reduced effectively.

Connection between inferior leadership and massive business meltdown and inadequacy of seasoned leadership models create an urge to seek leadership equipped with ethical behavior, concern for subordinates, all the stakeholders and the society as a whole. This literature survey examines existing literature addressing servant leadership theory. Servant leadership theory has not yet been legitimized as a mainstream leadership theory therefore, it is worthy to examine its antecedents, outcomes and different mediating and moderating mechanisms to have in-depth knowledge of servant leadership concept and to understand how it differs from other mainstream leadership theories. This study analyzed the literature using descriptive approach as proposed by Turnnidge & Côté (2016). The study  has  been  carried  out  in  three  phases.  First  phase  is  concerned  with  screening  of  abstracts  and  citations  related  to  variable  of  interests,  in  second  phase,  peer  discussion  was  made  to  retain  valuable literature and exclusion of literature which does not fall in set criterion. In the third phase, full text of articles and relevant literature were reviewed which were potentially related to and are of interest.  It was found that servant leadership is a different concept which is more comprehensive and predicts more positive outcomes than its predecessor leadership models. Systematic literature review provided detailed insight with respect to servant leadership theory and its outcomes which led to the development of taxonomy which was further used to develop integrated model of causal fl ow  through  mediating  and  moderating  mechanisms;  and  then  was  further  refined  to  identify servant leadership interaction with different organization and behavioral variables. Findings of this research suggest possible impact of servant leadership in power distant culture which is inconsistent in contemporary research and needs to be investigated for validation of servant leadership’s concept in Third World countries.

In this study, we invoke the theoretical notion of different competitive conditions in lending and deposit market power for the banking industry of Pakistan. We find highly monopolistic conditions in lending market whereby majority of the banks are enjoying high market power. On the other hand, the deposit market is found to be highly competitive. Subsequently, we find the effects of the lending and deposit market measures of market power on the riskiness of banks to be asymmetric. In addition, we introduce charter value as a determinant of banks’ risk for the first time in the case of Pakistan and tested for whether or not greater higher valuable charters enhance the risk aversive tendencies of banks to preserve charter value? Our findings suggest that the theoretical link between charter value and market power is sufficiently strong to restrain risky behavior of banks.

Lack of ethics, values, morality and integrity of leadership has always been an issue for corporate world. Keeping in view the disastrous effects of lack of leadership character; this study aims to determine the impact of authentic leadership on job satisfaction of healthcare staff with the mediating effect of affective organizational commitment. This is a cross-sectional hypothesis testing research based on primary data collected from 332 respondents from five healhcare institutions based in Karachi. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), reliability analysis and regression analysis were performed to measure the initial validity of constrsuct and to test proposed hypotheses. The results supported the proposed hypotheses suggesting that there is a significant impact of authentic leadership on job satisfaction with complete mediation of affective organizational commitment. Implying that a committed, satisfied and engaged employee is an asset for any organizations; it will be a loss for any organization to loose such an employee. Senior management of healthcare organizations should aim to focus on training of leaders and managers so they can equip themselves with the skills and traits of authentic leadership; this will not only help organizations to retain quality human resource but will also help to enhance the positive work environment.