, "Enzyme-functionalized thin-cladding long-period fiber grating in transition mode at dispersion turning point for sugar-level and glucose detection," J. Biomed. Opt. Abstract. Enzyme-functionalized dual-peak long-period fiber grating (LPFG) inscribed in 80-μm-cladding B/Ge codoped single-mode fiber is presented for sugar-level and specific glucose detection. Before enzyme functionalization, the dual-peak LPFG was employed for refractive index sensing and sugar-level detection and high sensitivities of ∼4298.20 nm∕RIU and 4.6696 nm∕% were obtained, respectively. Glucose detection probe was attained by surface functionalization of the dual-peak LPFG via covalent binding with aminopropyl triethoxysilane used as a binding site. Optical micrographs confirmed the presence of enzyme. The surface-functionalized dual-peak LPFG was tested with D-(+)-glucose solution of different concentrations. While the peak 2 at the longer wavelength was suitable only to measure lower glucose concentration (0.1 to 1.6 mg∕ml) recording a high sensitivity of 12.21 AE 0.19 nm∕ðmg∕mlÞ, the peak 1 at the shorter wavelength was able to measure a wider range of glucose concentrations (0.1 to 3.2 mg∕ml) exhibiting a maximum resonance wavelength shift of 7.12 AE 0.12 nm∕mg∕ml. The enzyme-functionalized dual-peak LPFG has the advantage of direct inscription of highly sensitive grating structures in thin-cladding fibre without etching, and most significantly, its sensitivity improvement of approximately one order of magnitude higher than previously reported LPFG and excessively tilted fibre grating (Ex-TFG) for glucose detection.

Due to the limitation of the lens effect of the optical fibre and the inhomogeneity of the laser fluence on different cores, it is still challenging to controllably inscribe different fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) in multicore fibres. In this article, we reported the FBG inscription in four core fibres (FCFs), whose cores are arranged in the corners of a square lattice. By investigating the influence of different inscription conditions during inscription, different results, such as simultaneous inscription of all cores, selectively inscription of individual or two cores, and even double scanning in perpendicular core couples by diagonal, are achieved. The phase mask scanning method, consisting of a 244nm Argon-ion frequencydoubled laser, air-bearing linear transfer stage and cylindrical lens and mirror setup, is used to precisely control the grating inscription in FCFs. The influence of three factors is systematically investigated to overcome the limitations, and they are the defocusing length between the cylindrical lens and the bare fibre, the rotation geometry of the fibre to the irritation beam, and the relative position of the fibre in the vertical direction of the laser beam.

This paper presents a highly sensitive ambient refractive index (RI) sensor based on 81° tilted fiber grating (81°-TFG) structure UV-inscribed in standard telecom fiber (62.5µm cladding radius) with carbon nanotube (CNT) overlay deposition. The sensing mechanism is based on the ability of CNT to induce change in transmitted optical power and the high sensitivity of 81°-TFG to ambient refractive index. The thin CNT film with high refractive index enhances the cladding modes of the TFG, resulting in the significant interaction between the propagating light and the surrounding medium. Consequently, the surrounding RI change will induce not only the resonant wavelength shift but also the power intensity change of the attenuation band in the transmission spectrum. Result shows that the change in transmitted optical power produces a corresponding linear reduction in intensity with increment in RI values. The sample shows high sensitivities of ~207.38nm/RIU, ~241.79nm/RIU at RI range 1.344-1.374 and ~113.09nm/RIU, ~144.40nm/RIU at RI range 1.374-1.392 (for X-pol and Y-pol respectively). It also shows power intensity sensitivity of ~ 65.728dBm/RIU and ~ 45.898 (for X-pol and Y-pol respectively). The low thermal sensitivity property of the 81°-TFG offers reduction in thermal cross-sensitivity and enhances specificity of the sensor.

The word 3D is defined as three dimensional models that display a picture or item in a form that appears to be physically present with a designated structure. Three-dimensional (3D), can also describe any object that occurs on a three-axis Cartesian coordinate system, a Cartesian system is basically a fancy way of describing the X and Y axes which are horizontal and vertical axis, but the inclusive of the third axis Z which is make it to be 3D of which the Z axis represent the depth.3D interaction is a form of human-machine interaction where users are able to move and perform interaction in 3D space. Both human and machine process information where the physical position of elements in 3D space. The main features of these 3D applications are immersion, interactivity, and involvement. Immersion holds the user’s attention. Interactivity is related to how responsive the application is to user actions and Involvement has to do with engaging the user’s interest in the underlying activity.3D interaction techniques are selection and manipulation, navigation, system control and symbolic inputs. Its application is in the area of Exploring Complex Data, Visualizations with the Cubic Mouse, Multimodal Interfaces in VEs Multimodal interaction, and VEs for Design Education Architectural design. KEYWORDS:interaction,cartesian,information,application,interface,virtual,physical,technique,immersion,involvement,design,navigation and data.