Introduction:Percutaneous cystostomy techniques are usually done using disposable sets in developed countries which are not affordable in poor-resource settings. However, the percutaneous technique can be done using reusable trocar or selected big size surgical blades. This is simple, safe, and cost effective in poor-resource setting. The procedure is best done under ultrasound guidance but can also be done blindly in select cases. We present our 7-year experience in ultrasound-guided percutaneous suprapubic cystostomy.Materials and Methods:This is a 7-year retrospective review of patients, who had ultrasound-guided percutaneous suprapubic cystostomy at Urology Unit of our institution from January 2010 to December 2016. Disposable cystostomy sets were used for the initial experience, but this was replaced with more cost-effective reusable metallic trocar or selected big size surgical blade methods in the later experience. Data were extracted from procedure register and patients' case notes and entered into pro forma and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20.0 version (2011) for windows (IBM, SPSS Incorporation, Chicago, IL, USA) 20.0 version for Windows.Results:A total number of 135 patients had percutaneous cystostomy, which was ultrasound guided in 134 patients (99.3%). The mean age of the patients was 50.5 ± 23.3 years with a range of 2–90 years. The indications for the procedure include urine retention with failed urethral catheterization in 119 patients (88.1%), urethral injury in 14 patients (10.4%), and urethrocutaneous fistula in 2 patients (1.5%) with spinal cord injury. No major complication was recorded.Conclusion:Ultrasound-guided suprapubic cystostomy using reusable trocar or selected surgical blade is simple, safe, effective, and associated with minimal complications in poor-resource setting.

Background: Urine cytology is an important investigation in the management of urothelial cancer. It is particularly an important test in the management of urinary tract cancers because of its non-invasive nature. Objective of study to review our practice of urine cytology as a diagnostic tool in the management of urinary tract pathology.Methods: A seventeen years retrospective study from 1st January, 2001 to 31st December, 2017 where records of patients who had urine cytology in Usmanu Danfodio University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto, Nigeria were reviewed and data was extracted and analyzed using the SPSS 20.Results: Of the 766 specimens, representing 10.1% of all cytology done in UDUTH (7,554) during the period under review, the highest number of urine cytology was done in 2013 (12%). The age range of the patients was between 2 to 90 years with modal age of 60 years. Majority of the patients were between the ages of 51 to 60 years (24.7%) and male to female ratio was 6.3:1. The commonest indication for urine cytology was bladder tumour (66.8%). However, the commonest cytological diagnosis was negative (44.6%) while 19.3% showed Non Specific Chronic Inflammation and only 77 specimens were malignant representing 10.1% of the specimen.Conclusions: Despite its variable sensitivity, urine cytology remains a useful tool in evaluating suspected bladder malignancies and can serve as an adjunct to cystoscopy in these cases.

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Background A wide range of nuclear imaging probes have been developed to address different metabolic processes and cell receptors in prostate cancer patients using positron emission techniques to aid diagnosis, staging, and monitoring for recurrence after treatment. While 68Ga PSMA is a generator-derived PET radiopharmaceutical, SPECT/CT imaging using technetium-99m-labeled PSMA is now available as a suitable alternative. The aim of this study is to compare the pooled sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT in patients with prostate cancer. Main body of the abstract A search strategy was developed using text words, MeSH, and entry terms. The following databases will be searched: PubMed, African Journals Online (AJOL), Embase, Google scholar, ResearchGate, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria include (a) all studies that are published or retrievable in English language, (b) observational studies, and (c) histopathology analysis or clinical and imaging follow-up or comparison with reference standards. Exclusion criteria will be interventional studies, editorials, reviews, and commentaries. Quality of the studies will be assessed using QUADAS2 Quality scores and risk of bias for individual studies will be reported. Full text of the studies will be reviewed and snowballed for any relevant literature. Assessment of methodological, clinical, and statistical heterogeneity for all the included studies will be made. Publication bias will be assessed using funnel plots. Statistical analysis and forest plots will be performed using the Open Meta-analyst software. The systematic review and meta-analysis will be reported according to PRISMA 2015 Statement. Short conclusion This review will provide data on diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT in patients with prostate cancer. Results from this study will help nuclear medicine service providers to make better decisions on the appropriate use of 99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT especially with regard to the use of 99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT which is relatively affordable and more readily available in developing countries when compared to 68-Ga PSMA PECT/CT.

Background: Prostatic diseases are common urological conditions confronted by the urologist regularly. The clinical presentations may oftentimes be straightforward but at times challenging due to delayed patients' presentation in our setting, occasional overlap of symptoms and signs or when complications associated with the disease supervene. This study determines the difference in clinical presentations of patients histologically diagnosed with prostatic diseases among urology patients in our clinical setting. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study conducted among 50 urology patients with indication for Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, North-western, Nigeria. Data collected into a semistructured questionnaire and studied included: sociodemographic parameters, clinical symptoms and signs at presentation, International prostate symptoms score (IPSS), co-morbidities, Digital rectal examination (DRE), and histological findings. Results were analyzed using the computer software, IBM statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25 (SPSS Inc; Chicago, IL, USA). Relationships between variables were determined using Pearson's chi-square test, and Fisher's exact tests as appropriate. Results: A total of 50 patients were enrolled over the study period with a mean age of 67.32 ± 9.11 years and a range of 50-96 years. Thirty (60.0%) patients had benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) while 20 (40.0%) patients had prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa). One (3.3%) patient with BPH had associated features of chronic prostatitis. The clinical presentations found to be statistically significant in favour of prostatic adenocarcinoma were weight loss, body weakness, cachexia, pallor, and abnormal digital rectal examination. Conclusion: The presence of weight loss, body weakness, cachexia, clinical pallor, and suspicious digital rectal examination at presentation are significant findings to raise a high index of suspicion of the prostate carcinoma. Hence, physicians and urologists coming in contact with prostatic disease patients should be well guided by this in our environment. Keywords: Clinical presentations, prostatic diseases, prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic adenocarcinoma

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