Background: Hepatitis B is a major global health problem caused by viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. There are about 65 million individuals who carry HBV in Africa, with a 25% mortality risk. In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of HBV infection ranges from 9-20%. Pregnant mothers who test positive for both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) have 70-90% risk of transmitting infection to their newborn infants and about 10-40% risk if they test positive for only HBsAg. Therefore, pregnant women should be routinely screened for HBsAg and hepatitis B vaccine administered at birth to the infants whose mothers test positive. Objective: To identify prevalence of Hepatitis B (HBsAg) and its associated factors among pregnant women in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methodology: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study. This design was used to identify potential risk factors associated with development of Hepatitis B virus. Crosssectional was used to assess the frequency and distribution of Hepatitis B among pregnant women and to investigate factors associated with it. The study instruments were structured questionnaires which were both categorical and open ended. Data was entered and analyzed with SPSS version 16.0. Both Univariate and Bivariate analysis were carried out to see frequencies and significant associations, a P-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant association. Result: The mean age of the respondents was 24.65 (±6.05) years. It was found that women in the age category of (³30) were more likely to get Hepatitis B compared to those below categories (OR 1.69, 95%CI 1.11-1.89). The study revealed that 96.4% of the respondents were unemployed whose majority (79.1%) were from families of low economic status and these were 2.1 times more likely to contract Hepatitis B compared to the pregnant women who are in the category of middle and high economic status (OR 2.1 95% CI 1.25-3.21). The study reported that mothers with gravidity of 7 and more were 2.1 times (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.31-3.04) more likely to get hepatitis B compared to mothers with gravidity between1-6. Moreover, prevalence of hospital delivery was around one-third (36.5%) while almost another one-third was attended by TBAs. Finally, the study has found that the seroprevalence of HBsAg among pregnant women was 4.12%. Conclusion and Recommendation: The study found out that HBsAg prevalence among pregnant women in Mogadishu was 4.12%, significantly associated with age, economic status, gravidity, birth attendant and abortion. It is recommended that MoH and health professionals adopt universal screening of all pregnant women for HBsAg during each pregnancy, prophylaxis and routine vaccination of both mothers and infants and also management of Hepatitis B cases.
Background: HIV/AIDS is a global challenge that has threatened the very existence of the human race. There were approximately 36.7 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2016 of whom an estimated 1.8 million individuals worldwide became newly infected with in the year 2016. From the onset of the epidemic 76.1 million had become infected, and 35.0 million had died. Of the 36.7 million living with HIV, 19.5 million were accessing anti-retroviral therapy. The African population represents almost 70% of total HIV cases worldwide where the majority is young Africans aged 15-24. Furthermore, Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region, with an estimated 25.6 million people living with HIV of which about 66% of new infection occurred in Sub-Sahara in 2015 (UNAIDS, 2016). Although, Somalia is believed to be currently a low human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalent country. However, the risk factors are widespread and the number of at-risk population is also rising, which warrants special policy attention. Objective of the study: The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, practices, and its associated factors towards HIV/AIDS among residents of Benadir Region, Somalia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 st April to 31 st September, 2018 among 585 community members of Benadir Region. Data was collected using pretested structured face-to-face interview after taking informed written consent. Two-stage cluster sampling and systematic random sampling were used to select the districts and the households respectively. Result: Five hundred and eighty-five (585) respondents participated and gave a response rate of 96.7%. Of the 585 respondents, 309 (52.8%) were females while 276 (47.2%) were males. The respondents aged between 14-78 years. It was found out that 70% of the participants were knowledgeable, 50.8% and 26.3% had favourable attitude and good practice respectively. With regard to education level, being able to read & write, 7 times (AOR=7.33, CL= 3.74, 14.34), grade 1-4, 5 times (AOR=4.71,CL= 2.82, 7.88), grade 5-8 3 times (AOR=3.43, CL=1.42, 8.29) and college & above, 2 times (AOR=1.93, CL=1.17, 3.20) were more likely to have HIV/AIDS knowledge as compared to those who were illiterate. Being a male was 0.66 times (AOR=0.66, CL=0.48, 0.91) less likely to have a favourable attitude towards HIV/AIDS compared to females. Similarly, belonging to 35-44 age group was 4 times (AOR=3.57, CL=1.30, 9.83) more likely to have favourable attitude. Having family income of 100-300 USD was 2 times (AOR=2.20, CL=1.04, 4.62), having monthly income 301-500 USD was 3 times (AOR=3.06, CL= 1.53, 6.13) more likely to have a favourable attitude towards HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Concerning participants' Knowledgeability, 70% of the participants were knowledgeable, 50.8% and 26.3% had favourable attitude and good practice respectively. This shows that there is considerable limited knowledge, attitude and practices. Gender, age, marital status, level of education, o...
Background: Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is fundamental to the development of each child's full human potential. A child who has adequate nutrition performs better in school, grows into a healthy adult and in turn gives his/her children a better start in life. However, for a child to have an adequate nutrition basically depends on the feeding practices offered by mothers or care-takers (UNICEF, 2007). SDG 2 is targeted at improving nutrition, ending hunger and achieving food security. Objective: To determine the influence of feeding practices on nutritional status of children under two years in Heliwa District, Mogadishu, Somalia 2016. Methodology: Community-based cross sectional study design. Data were collected by using pretested questionnaires. A total of 403 mothers and their children were included in the study. A systematic random sampling and simple random sampling were used to select the households to participate and starting household respectively. Data were captured using EpiData-3.0, excel and ENA, analysed with STATA-12. Univariate and bivariate analysis were carried out to see significant association, a Pvalue <0.05 was considered as significant association. Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting were 30.7%, 27.5% and 28.5% respectively. Children whose fathers were unemployed were 2 times more likely to develop wasting than employed (OR 2.0, 95%CI 1.42-2.88). Furthermore, children who were introduced complementary foods late after six months were more likely to develop underweight and wasting [(OR 1.59 95%CI 1.22-2.92) and (OR 1.40 95%CI 1.09-2.43)] respectively. Conclusion and recommendation: There was high prevalence of malnutrition (wasting, stunting and underweight) among children less than 2 years in the district. There is a need for intervention programs. Midwives and nurses should encourage mothers to initiate breastfeeding in the first hour after delivery.
Background: Anaemia in pregnancy is a common problem in most developing countries and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In pregnancy, anaemia has a significant impact on the health of the foetus as well as that of the mother. 20% of maternal deaths in Africa have been attributed to anaemia. Objective: To assess the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at SOS Hospital, Heliwa District, in Mogadishu, Somalia 2016. Methodology: Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted at SOS Hospital Heliwa District, in Mogadishu, Somalia 2016, from September to December 2016. Data were collected using pretested questionnaires. A total of 403 pregnant women were included in the study. Data were entered and analyzed using STATA version 12. Both Univariate and Bivariate analysis were carried out to see frequencies and significant associations, a P-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant association. Result: In the study the prevalence of anaemia was 84.3 per cent among pregnant women (340 out of 403). Out of 340, 61(15.14 %) had mild anaemia (hb10 to 10.99 gm/dl), 228 (56.5%) had moderate anaemia (hb 7 to 9.9 gm/dl) and 51 (12.7%) had severe anaemia (hb < 7gm/dl). The study has shown that age of the pregnant women and family size were found to be significant. Pregnant women at age of 25--29 were less likely to be anemic compared to those pregnant women at the age of 20-24 (OR 0.75, 95%CI 0.37 -0.87). Family size of pregnant women was found to be associated with anemia. Pregnant women whose family size ³ 13 were more likely to be anaemic compared to those whose family size was less than £ 12 (OR 8.41, 95%CI 1.33-52.92). Conclusion and Recommendation: In this study the prevalence of anemia is 84.3% among pregnant women. Comparing the national prevalence of anemia in pregnancy (45.5%) it is higher, needs high effort by other researchers. Sensitization of pregnant women by health providers to encourage early ANC visit and to continue supplements of iron and folate throughout pregnancy. Provision of health education on anemia and importance of visits at least four times during pregnancy and establishment of mobile clinics.
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