The genus Onosma belongs to the Boraginaceae family and contains over 230 species. The present review sheds light on the ethnopharmacology, phytoconstituents, bioactivity, and toxicology of the Onosma species from previous investigations. Furthermore, the paper also highlights the unresolved issues for the future investigations. The review included previous studies of the genus Onosma available from Google Scholar and Baidu Scholar, Science Direct, SciFinder, Wiley Online Library, and Web of Science. Until now, more than 200 chemical compounds have been detected from the genus Onosma, including naphthoquinone (33), flavonoids (30), hydrocarbon (23), phenolic (22), ester (17), alkaloids (20), aromatics (12), carboxylic acid (11), fatty acids (9), terpenoids (10), while the most important ones are rosmarinic, ferulic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric acids, and apigenin. The Onosma species are reported as traditional medicine for wound healing, heart disease, and kidney disorders, while the pharmacological investigations revealed that the extracts and the phytochemicals of Onosma species have different therapeutic properties including antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial actions. The summarized knowledge in this review provides valuable ideas for the current and future drug discovery and a motivation for further investigation on the genus Onosma.

No abstract

For mRNA quantification, RT-PCR and DNA microarrays have been compared in few studies (RT-PCR). Healing callus of adult and juvenile rats after femur injury was found to be rich in mRNA at various stages of the healing process. We used both methods to examine ten samples and a total of 26 genes. Internal DNA probes tagged with 32P were employed in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identify genes (RT-PCR). Ten Affymetrix® Rat U34A cRNA microarrays were hybridized with biotin-labeled cRNA generated from mRNA. There was a wide range of correlation coefficients (r) between RT-PCR and microarray data for each gene. Meaning became genetically unique because of this diversity. Relatively lowly expressed genes had the highest r values. The distance between PCR primers and microarray probes was found to be higher than previously assumed, leading to a drop in agreement between microarray calls and PCR outcomes. Microarray research showed that RT-PCR expression levels for two genes had a "floor effect." As a result, PCR primers and microarray probes that overlap in mRNA expression levels can provide good agreement between these two techniques.

No abstract

No abstract