Covid-19 has led to the closure of educational institutions around the world and turned formal learning into distance learning. This study aims to investigate the effect of e-learning infrastructure and individual’s knowledge and competence on distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak in 2020. E-learning infrastructure and individual’s cognitive competence were also used to determine the readiness of educational institutions in distance learning. The e-learning infrastructure includes Learning Management System (LMS), electronic devices, communication applications, and internet accessibility. Quantitative approach was used in this study with a sample of 324 participants from three major universities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Data were collected through online surveys. The descriptive statistical approach and one-layer regression analysis were used to examine the problems raised in this study. The results show that distance learning is positively influenced by e-learning infrastructure and the cognitive competence of the students, the faculty, and administrative staff. The results also point out the university’s readiness level in adopting online learning based on their previous experience of using the learning system. Finally, the study proposes that in order to improve the e-learning process, there needs to be sufficient financial support from the government, whereas the universities are advised to conduct workshops and training, and to provide teleconferencing applications.

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Intelligence Edge Computing (IEC) is the key enabler of emerging 5G technologies networks and beyond. IEC is considered to be a promising backbone of future services and wireless communication systems in 5G integration. In addition, IEC enables various use cases and applications, including autonomous vehicles, augmented and virtual reality, big data analytic, and other customer-oriented services. Moreover, it is one of the 5G technologies that most enhanced market drivers in different fields such as customer service, healthcare, education methods, IoT in agriculture and energy sustainability. However, 5G technological improvements face many challenges such as traffic volume, privacy, security, digitization capabilities, and required latency. Therefore, 6G is considered to be promising technology for the future. To this end, compared to other surveys, this paper provides a comprehensive survey and an inclusive overview of Intelligence Edge Computing (IEC) technologies in 6G focusing on main up-to-date characteristics, challenges, potential use cases and market drivers. Furthermore, we summarize research efforts on IEC in 5G from 2014 to 2021, in which the integration of IEC and 5G technologies are highlighted. Finally, open research challenges and new future directions in IEC with 6G networks will be discussed.

Factors increasing the severity of respiratory infections in developing countries are poorly described. We report factors associated with severe acute respiratory illness in Yemeni children (266 infected with respiratory syncytial virus and 66 with human metapneumovirus). Age, indoor air pollution, and incomplete vaccinations were risk factors and differed from those in industrialized countries.

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Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama are the biggest Islamic social organizations in Indonesia with more than 70 million adherents. Both two organizations were founded in the early 19th century. This study aims to describe the main features and characteristics of Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama to understand the reasons of followers behind joining one of these two organizations and to describe the role of two organizations on social and po-

Dramatic change in learning environments during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the significance of virtual learning and led to more interactive learning environments. Quick adoption of online and social interactive learning in many universities around the world raised challenges and emphasized the importance of investigating different learning environments. This paper investigates the accelerated transition in education from traditional learning environments through online learning environments to social innovative learning environments, and the latest trends of this change. The stages of transition were divided into three parts: before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic, which was the reason for this accelerated change. Features and characteristics of each stage of transition were analyzed and discussed, based on the following factors: edu-space and classrooms, the learning and teaching process, curricular choices, information and communication technology applications, students’ and educators’ perceptions, edu-approaches, and knowledge transformation. A systematic review approach was used to investigate learning environments based on the literature reviews of previous publications. Analysis of these features revealed the main characteristics and differences in each stage. New trends in online learning environments and social innovative learning environments were identified including cloud platforms, massive open online courses, digital learning management systems, open educational resources, open educational practices, m-learning, and social network applications. Finally, this study makes two recommendations: 1) the adoption of online learning environments and social innovative learning environment applications to continue the e-learning process during the pandemic, and 2) the enhanced usage of online learning environments and social innovative learning environment applications in the future by educational institutions and governments.

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