BackgroundLow bone mineral density (BMD) is a public health issue in Saudi Arabia. This study measured the prevalence and factors associated with low BMD in Saudi women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.MethodsA cross sectional study using two stage cluster sampling technique was conducted in Riyadh, 2009. Thirty clusters, each comprising of 300 houses were randomly chosen and from each cluster 38–40 households were selected to identify 1150 women of >40 years. Women were invited to primary health care center for filling of self-administered questionnaire (n = 1069) comprising of sociodemographic, health, diet and physical activity variables. 1008 women underwent screening for low BMD using the quantitative ultrasound technique. 535 (53%) women with positive screening test were referred to King Khalid Hospital for Dual X-ray Energy absorptiometry (DXA).Results362 women underwent DXA and 212 (39.6%) were screened low BMD either at lumbar spine or femur neck. Mean age of women was 55.26(±8.84) years. Multivariate logistic analysis found; being aged 61 to 70 years (OR 2.75, 95% CI: 1.32-1.48), no literacy (OR 2.97, 95% CI:1.44 - 6.12) or primary education (OR 4.12, 95% CI:2.05-8.29), history of fractures (OR 2.20, 95% CI:1.03- 4.69) and not drinking laban(diluted yogurt) (OR 2.81, 95% CI:1.47- 5.37) significantly associated with low BMD.ConclusionsWomen with low level of education, who do not drink laban and had history of fractures were at high risk of low BMD.
The band structure of the zinc-blende phase of AlN, GaN, and InN is calculated employing the exactexchange ͑EXX͒ Kohn-Sham density-functional theory and a pseudopotential plane-wave approach. The cation semicore d-electrons are treated both as valence and as core states. The EXX band gaps of AlN and GaN ͑obtained with the Ga 3d electrons included as core states͒ are in excellent agreement with previous EXX results, GW calculations, and experiment. Inclusion of the semicore d-electrons as valence states leads to a large reduction in the EXX band gaps of GaN and InN. Contrary to common belief, the removal of the self-interaction, by the EXX approach, does not account for the large disagreement for the position of the semicore d electrons between the LDA results and experiment.
We present the results of a first-principles pseudopotential plane-wave study for the structural properties of the ε-FeSi (B20), NaCl (B1) and CsCl (B2) structures of FeSi. The calculations were performed using the local density and the generalized gradient approximations (LDA and GGA), for the exchange-correlation potential. The electronic structures of the B1 and B2 phases have been similarly investigated. These calculations have enabled us to identify the driving force behind the crystallization of FeSi in the B20 phase. Both the B1 and B2 phases are found to be semimetallic, with the Fermi energy lying in a pseudo-band-gap. The B20 structure is predicted to become unstable with respect to the B2 phase at a moderate pressure, of 13.5 and 10.9 GPa according to the GGA and LDA calculations, respectively.
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