Cases of Diabetes II have been rising in Saudi population. The main objective of our study was to analyze the relationship between the inheritance of ABO blood group and Rh factors and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in male population of Hail region of Saudi Arabia. Random community survey of about 200 local educated youth (under 18) and non-college going adults revealed high prevalence of diabetes II among adult male population (27.5%) as compared to the educated youth population (5.5%).In this study we first looked at the distribution of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group antigen data of 490 non diabetic control group (283 females (57.7%) and 207 (42.4%) male and compared it with 342 diabetes type 2 patients (214 females and 128 male) who were admitted to the Diabetic clinic of King Khaled Hospital in Hail Saudi Arabia between 2008 and 2015. Out of 342 patients 214 (62.6%) were females and 128 (37.4 %) were males.Our results show that out of 207 control non diabetic individuals (males only) 6 were A-(2.89%), 43 were A+ (20.8%), 2 were AB-(0.96%), 9 were AB+ (4.3%), 7 were B-(3.38%), 44 were B+ (21.2%), 7 were O-(3.4%) and 89 were O+ (42.9%). So in control population O+ was the most prevalent blood group (42.9%) and B+ was the second most prevalent blood type (21.2%).Next we wanted to see if the blood group distribution patterns are similar among T2DM patients. Analysis of our results show that 2.3% of T2DM male patients were A-, 22.65% were A+, 0% were AB-, 4.7% were AB+, 0% were B-but 30.5% were B+ as compared to the 21.2% B+ among control group. Only 0.78% were Oand 39.1% were O+. When we looked at the distribution of Rh antigen in the control population we found 89.4% people to be Rh+ and 10.6% Rh-however among diabetics 96.9% patients were Rh+ and 3.13% were Rh-. These results suggest a 3.4 fold decrease in Rh-individuals among diabetics (3.13% Rh-) as compared to the control population (10.9% Rh-). So in conclusion percentage of Rh-individuals among T2DM male patients is reduced by 3.4 fold (3.13% Rh-) as compared to the control group (10.6% Rh-). Our results also show that blood group B+ is expressed in much higher percentage in diabetics (30.5%) as compared to the controls (21.2%). Additionally O+ is expressed in 42.9% controls but show a slight yet significant reduction in its distribution (39%) among T2DM patients. These results suggest that B+ offers least resistance to male T2DM patients and O+ provides a slight resistance to diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of malocclusion and requirement for orthodontic treatment in the Saudi region of Hail city. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 520 Saudi participants between 7 and 12 years from Hail city were used in the research, all of whom were selected using a simple randomization method. For every participant, various malocclusion variables such as molar, canine, and incisor relationship, overjet, overbite, open bite, cross bite, scissor cross bite, and the score for the orthodontic treatment need [Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN)] were recorded. A light source was used for examination, in addition to mouth mirrors, a calibrated ruler, and a portable dental chair. RESULTS: The prevalence of class I molar relationship was 70.4%, with class II being 21.3% and class III being 8.3%. As for the incisor relationships, class I was found at a prevalence of 72.5%, class II at 19.8%, and class III at 7.7%. Additionally, the following malocclusion characteristics were also found: deep overbite (>4 mm) (16.2%), increased overjet (>4 mm) (14.4%), posterior cross bite (13.3%), anterior open bite (7.7%), anterior cross bite (5.2%), scissor bite (4%), and posterior open bite (0.6%). A total of 4.4% were identified as requiring orthodontic treatment. Grades 1 and 2 were 25.5% and 58.5%, respectively. There was a significant relationship found between grades 3 and 4, and the anterior open bite, cross bite, and scissor bite. CONCLUSION: This research showed that class I malocclusion was most dominant, followed by classes II and III, respectively. When the Hail city school pupils in the study were assessed for IOTN index, grades 3 and 4 were found to be highly related to anterior open bite, cross bite, and scissor bite.

A bstract Introduction Two main factors have a great influence on the youth's oral well-being. These are their dental health and age. These two factors are significantly directed by parents through establishing a system of proper oral hygiene and a preventative routine for those young adults. Aim and objective The following study was run in the Dammam region, Saudi Arabia, to assess guardian awareness of youngster's dental health. Materials and methods This community-based study was designed in a cross-sectional pattern, where a sample size of 248 parents who fulfilled inclusion criteria was selected and a well-designed validated questionnaire was used for the collected database using SPSS (VER. 24). Results The main found included that, about 51% of participants were fathers and 49% were mothers, 90% of them above the age of 26 years old and most of the participants had a secondary certificate or university degree, 38% and 45%, respectively, only 64% of parents have checked their children teeth, the average of overall knowledge of parents toward dental health was medium 7.97 points out of 16.0 points and there was a statistically significant relationship between parents type, educational level, and overall knowledge related to oral health. Conclusion From our study, it was acknowledged that the perception of children's oral health status by their parents in the Dammam region is relatively medium, so general awareness of parents’ knowledge should be raised by conducting effective oral health programs and interventions. How to cite this article Alshammari FS, Alshammari RA, Alshammari MH, et al . Parental Awareness and Knowledge toward their Children's Oral Health in the City of Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1):100–103.

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) announced COVID-19 a public health emergency of global concern. The most vulnerable populations are elderly and/or medically compromised people. it is recommended that non-emergency and elective procedures be postponed while dental clinics remain open to patients with urgent needs. Providing oral-health instruction is important to limit the needs of patients to leave their homes for treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and behaviour of residents in Saudi Arabia towards their oral health during the COVID-19 outbreak.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey. Data was collected through online self-administration of the questionnaire on the Google forms platform. Any relationships between the variables were analysed using Pearson’s chi-squared test. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: This study included 1000 participants. 70.7% reported that their oral-health care practices became worse during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants’ medical histories revealed that 17.8% had multiple chronic illnesses. Of all respondents, 48.2% believed that COVID-19 is a serious health problem and only 33.4% of respondents were aware that only emergency treatment is being offered at dental clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic.Conclusions: An alarming percentage of participants do not see COVID-19 as threatening to their health. A number of people needed urgent treatment but preferred to stay home because of fear and anxiety connected to the pandemic. The lack of information can lead to the exacerbation of such fear, which in turn causes individuals to neglect their oral health.

Introduction There is secrecy in the literature published about congenital anomalies of head and neck. Dentists may encounter with many head and neck anomalies during their practice. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of head and neck anomalies among all congenital anomalies and to identify risk factors associated with head and neck anomalies. Materials and methods A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted on neonate data available in the records of neonate hospitals in Hail; records from 1432 to 1438 in Hijri Islamic calendar (equivalent to 2010–2016) were employed. All neonates from birth to 28 days after, who were born or admitted to these hospitals, were included in this study. Results The prevalence of head and neck anomalies among all congenital anomalies was 5.5%. The highest incidence rate was found in year 1435 (Islamic Hijri Year), in which the incidence rate was 7.1%. Cross tabulation between demographic characteristics and head and neck anomalies revealed that sex of the neonates was significantly associated with head and neck anomalies. The birth weight of the surveyed neonates and consanguinity marriage of the parents had no significant association with head and neck anomalies. Conclusion The occurrence of head and neck anomalies showed a wide variation in different years, and the prevalence among other anomalies is associated significantly with sex of newborn. How to cite this article Assiry AA, Khan SD, Al-Shubrmi HR, et al. Head and Neck Congenital Anomalies in Neonate Hospitals in Hail, Saudi Arabia. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(2):160–162.