Our data, representative of the full range of traumatic brain injury severity, indicate that a brief duration of PTA is a significant risk factor for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. The persistence of certain symptoms of postconcussion disorder adds to the risk by possibly acting as a trigger for reminders of the traumatic event.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex highly heritable disorder, in which multiple environmental factors interact with the genes to increase its risk and lead to variable clinical presentations and outcomes. Furthermore, the inherent fundamental deficits of ASD in social attention and interaction critically diverge children from the typical pathways of learning, “creating” what we perceive as autism syndrome during the first three years of life. Later in life, training and education, the presence and management of comorbidities, as well as social and vocational support throughout the lifespan, will define the quality of life and the adaptation of an individual with ASD. Given the overall burden of ASD, prevention strategies seem like a cost-effective endeavour that we have to explore. In this paper, we take a life course approach to prevention. We will review the possibilities of the management of risk factors from preconception until the perinatal period, that of early intervention in the first three years of life and that of effective training and support from childhood until adulthood.

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Objective Scholars consider Mindfulness to develop a person’s capacity for awareness of self and others. This approach can also be used in Neuropsychological counselling. Recent research studies have shown that mindfulness has a positive impact on cognitive performance, attention and emotion regulation. This study aimed to examining a possible difference in attention trained between twenty PTSD Syrian’s refugees who were using the mindfulness programme for two weeks and those who trained Cognitive behavioural therapy course. This study was also intended to translate some widely used tests in neuropsychological assessments, and determining the potential efficiency of Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a rehabilitation course for these clinical populations. Two separate three-way mixed ANOVA models (Within-Within-Between) were performed to assess if the Stroop effect and Stroop R effect differ between the three Stroop scenarios (within-Subjects effect: Control – Practice – Main test) and Conditions (within-Subjects effect: Congruent – Incongruent) when two different separate treatments were applied to twenty Syrian’s refugees participants (Between-Subjects main effect: Mindfulness vs Cognitive behavioural therapy, there were also applied other attention measures such as; Trail Making test, Coding and Symbol search from WIAS-IV. For Stroop R model 2 we identified a significant within-subjects main effect of Stroop (F (2, 36) = 8.248, p = 0.002, partial-eta = 0.295). There was a significant within-subjects main effect of Conditions indicating a significant difference between congruent and incongruent treatment. Also, there was a significant two-way interaction effect of Stroop and Condition. Refugees participants reveal significantly differences for Coding, Trail numbers and Trail Numbers and Letters.