Solubility of phytochemicals is a major concern for drug delivery, permeability, and their biological response. However, advancements in the novel formulation technologies have been helping to overcome these challenges. The applications of these newer technologies are easy for commercialization and high therapeutic outcomes compared to conventional formulations. Considering these facts, the present study is aimed to prepare a silymarin-loaded eutectic mixture with three different ratios of Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) and evaluating their anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. The preliminary phytochemical and characterization of silymarin, physical mixture, and solid dispersions suggested and successfully confirmed the formation of solid dispersion of silymarin with PVP K30. It was found that the solubility of silymarin was increased by 5-fold compared to pure silymarin. Moreover, the in vitro dissolution displayed that 83% of silymarin released within 2 h with 2.8-fold increase in dissolution rate compared to pure silymarin. Also, the in vivo study suggested that the formulation significantly reduced the carbon tetrachloride- ( 0.8620 ± 0.05034 ∗ ∗ for 1 : 3 ratio), paracetamol- ( 0.7300 ± 0.01517 ∗ ∗ for 1 : 3 ratio), and ethanol- ( 0.8100 ± 0.04037 ∗ ∗ for 1 : 3 ratio) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Silymarin solid dispersion was prepared using homogenization methods that have prominent anti-inflammatory effect ( 0.6520 ± 0.008602 ∗ ∗ with 8.33%) in carrageenan-induced rat paw model.
Earlier studies reported that long-term treatment with thymoquinone (TQ) at a high dose (20 mg/kg) exerts a cardioprotective effect against isoproterenol (ISO)-triggered myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that TQ, as a potent molecule, can exhibit cardioprotective effects at the lower dose for a short-term regimen. The rats were administered with TQ (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) at the 4 h interval for 2 days. ISO (100 mg/kg/day, subcutaneous) was given for 2 days to produce MI. ISO challenge results in deformation in ECG wave front, elevated left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure, and reduced LVdP/dtmax and LVdP/dtmin. The levels of the cardiac biomarker in serum, such as creatine kinase MB, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase, were increased. In the myocardium, a rise in malonaldehyde and decreased superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase contents were observed. Furthermore, increased levels of tumor necrotic factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β were observed in the myocardium. TQ pretreatment significantly normalized alterations in hemodynamic parameters, strengthened the antioxidant defense system, and decreased the contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hepatic enzymes as compared to the ISO group. Based on the results, TQ appears to be cardioprotective at low doses, and effective even administered for a shorter duration.
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HIGHLIGHTS• CaV2.2-alpha2/delta1-beta1 subtype of N-type voltagegated calcium channel plays a pivotal role in the development of neuropathic pain. • CCI and STZ cause abnormal regulation in the expression of CaV2.2-alpha2/delta1-beta1. • Topiramate and zonisamide attenuated CaV2.2-alpha2/ delta1-beta1triggering behavioral, biochemical, and histological abnormalities in the sciatic nerve. INTRODUCTIONNeuropathy is no longer defined by conventional dysfunction of the peripheral nervous system, but now includes damage to the somatosensory nervous system (Bouhassira, 2019). It is crucial to confirm neuropathic pain by examining changes in homeostasis balance and involvement of the somatosensory nervous system. The main contributors to neuropathic pain, according to earlier research, are diabetes, trauma, chemotherapeutic agents, alcohol, and radiation exposure (Finnerup et al., 2021). Furthermore, pain researchers have made advancements in understanding chronic pain; nonetheless, controlling chronic pain is difficult due to its molecular and cellular complexity, as well as the severe impact it has on patients' normal everyday lives (Rosenberger et al., 2020).Generally, the propagation of different biological signals is well regulated by ongoing activities within the voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) (Zhou et al.
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