Given the shortage of studies of the distribution of plant communities within the study area, the present research was conducted to identify the composition of natural vegetation and forms of growth and geographical biogenic life in a part of the watershed of Wadi Al-Muhammadi in the period between autumn 2016 and spring 2017. It was found that the region contains several plants, whether perennial or annul, have been identified based on the characteristics of the dominant plant community random Quadrate method, using sixteen squares covered the study. Then natural plant growth was estimated. Distribution of plant communities varied depending on the geomorphology unit of the area, which was divided into following:-the relatively high are: (plateau), the terraces, floodplain, and the bottom of the valley and on the characteristics of the soils dominant and soil salinity and the soil moisture. 36 plant species belonging to 18 families were recorded life forms were Therophytes and Chamaephytes and plants, all within the climate component (Middle Saharo-Sendian sub-region) based on the classification of regions biogeography map (Biogeographically regions) of the study area. The most representative families are Gramineae and Compositae, Chenopodiaceae . A large proportion of these species were abundant within the wetlands, especially in the course of output and schedules for artesian wells flowing waters toward downstream of the main wadi, particularly the valley, and the moisture salts and content of soils first were determinants within the study area as well as geological formations located within the region . Most of the plant species recorded were in danger of degradation and extintion. This region is exposed to human and environmental factors and security threats. These factors are: overgrazing, the cutting of shrubs with herbs as well activity quarries for building materials circulating within the region within the illegal activities of the region's population,It reems that the reason for the survival of these plant communities and spread over the seasons of the year is due to availability of the necessary moisture from artesian water flow for germination through the collector within the valley and the flow of this water stream towards the main valley.
Two field experiments were conducted under field conditions under a sprinkler irrigation system in the West desert of Iraq, Al-Qaim Area, 400 km west of Baghdad. Underground water was used as a source of irrigation water to study the effect of different rates and different times of boron application on wheat cv. Ibaa99. RCBD with five treatments and three replications was used in this study. Boron dose was 2 kg/ha for soil application method and 0.30 kg/ha for foliar application method. Boron treatments were: 0 (control T1), 2 kg B ha-1 at sowing time (T2), 2 kg B ha-1 at 30 days after sowing (T3), 0.3 kg B ha-1 foliar application at 60 days after sowing (T4) and 0.3 kg B ha-1 for foliar application at 90 days after sowing (T5). Most boron treatments gave a significant increase as compared with control in morphological, physiological and productivity characters of wheat crop. The results revealed that B application treatment at 30 days after sowing time increased significantly the 1000 grains weight (17.6%) while T5 treatment increased significantly the chlorophyll content (12.41%) over control. In most cases, B application treatment at 60 days after sowing time showed the best results and increased significantly the plant height (5.24%), leaf area (9.18%), number of grains spike-1 (30.9 %), number of spike m-2 (18.8%), spike length (65.6%), Grains yield (34.6%) over control. There was evidence that the best dose of boron was 0.3 kg B ha-1 and the best time of B application to the foliage was at 60 days after sowing.
The study included the analysis of (341) samples from eight pedons cover most of the prevailing sub great soil groups in Iraq, which are (Typic Torrifluvents, Typic Torrients, Typic Gypsiorthids, Typic Calciorthids, Aquollic Salorthids, Typic Chromoxerects, Typic Xerrochrepts and Typic Calcixerects) to study the pedogenetic distribution of total and bioavailable content of the manganese, zinc, copper, and iron also its relationship with some soil properties. Results showed significant differences between the studied regions of total content of microelements, the bioavailability content also showed a significant deference between the studied regions. The physical and chemical soil properties clearly affected on their content of micronutrient and 77% of the studied samples were below the critical limit for zinc, but 65% of the studied samples were under the critical limit for iron. This refers to the response of the cultivated crops in such sub great soil groups to the addition of Zn and Fe fertilizers, also pedogenetic distribution of the content of these microelements showed a decrease with depth and compatible with the distribution of each of the separated clay and organic matter and decrease with the increase in the soil content of calcium carbonate.
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