Samples of the carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu were brought to Earth by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We analyzed seventeen Ryugu samples measuring 1-8 mm. CO 2 -bearing water inclusions are present within a pyrrhotite crystal, indicating that Ryugu’s parent asteroid formed in the outer Solar System. The samples contain low abundances of materials that formed at high temperatures, such as chondrules and Ca, Al-rich inclusions. The samples are rich in phyllosilicates and carbonates, which formed by aqueous alteration reactions at low temperature, high pH, and water/rock ratios < 1 (by mass). Less altered fragments contain olivine, pyroxene, amorphous silicates, calcite, and phosphide. Numerical simulations, based on the mineralogical and physical properties of the samples, indicate Ryugu’s parent body formed ~ 2 million years after the beginning of Solar System formation.

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We propose a versatile method for measuring the thermophysical properties of composites by means of lock-in thermography (LIT) technique. The method is based on analyzing the thermal response distribution induced by periodic laser heating, which enables simultaneous high-spatial-resolution mapping of the effective out-of-plane thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and volumetric heat capacity over the surface of the material. We validate the method using a reference material and demonstrate its capability in visualizing the effective properties of laminated carbon fiber reinforced plastic and carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic with discontinuous fibers. The results showed that the LIT-based approach has high reproducibility and sensitivity, which allows observing the effect of fiber orientations on the effective properties. The proposed method will be useful for thermal research in composites, defect detection, and for investigating component geometric arrangement effects on the thermophysical properties.

The thermophysical properties of small Solar System bodies are essential to be determined, on which the thermal evolution of small bodies largely depends. The carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu is one of the small undifferentiated bodies formed in the early Solar System. Hayabusa2 explored the asteroid Ryugu and returned the surface samples in 2020 for detailed on-ground investigation, including measurements of thermal properties. Because the available sample amount was limited, this study developed a novel method to measure the thermal diffusivity of small and irregularly shaped samples of about 1 mm in diameter by combining lock-in thermography and periodic heating methods on the microscale. This method enables us to measure the thermal diffusivity of both at-plate and granular shape samples by selecting the suitable detecting direction of the temperature response. Especially, when the sample has a at-plate shape, the anisotropic distribution of the in-plane thermal diffusivity can be evaluated. This method was applied to six Ryugu samples, and the detailed anisotropic distribution of the thermal diffusivity was obtained. The measurement results showed that the samples show local thermal anisotropy caused by cracks and voids. The average thermal diffusivity among all samples was (2.8 − 5.8) × 10 − 7 m 2 /s. Based on the density and speci c heat of the samples obtained independently, the thermal effusivity was estimated to be 791 − 1253 J/(s 1/2 m 2 K), which is de ned as the resistance of surface temperature to the change of thermal input. The determined thermal effusivity, often called thermal inertia in planetary science, is larger than the observed value of 225 ± 45 J/(s 1/2 m 2 K) of the asteroid Ryugu's surface, obtained from the diurnal temperature change of the rotating asteroid by a thermal infrared camera onboard Hayabuas2. This difference is likely to be attributed to the difference in the analytical scale between the sample and the surface boulders compared with the thermal diffusion length. Consequently, it was found that the present result is more representative of the thermal diffusivity and thermal inertia of individual Ryugu particles.

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