BackgroundAdverse events have been reported post blood donation. Donors might refrain from donating again due to such events which lowers the blood supply in collection centers.AimThis study measured the incidence, predictors and severity of adverse events among donors of a single whole blood unit at one of the largest donation centers in Saudi Arabia.MethodsA retrospective cohort was conducted in 2015 to investigate the adverse events immediately post donation. Donor characteristics such as age, blood pressure, hemoglobin level, weight and history of donation were described and tested as potential risk predictors. Eligible blood donors were 18,936/24,634 (76.8%).ResultsIncidence of adverse events found 1.1% (208 donors), of which 0.65% had mild symptoms (chills; nausea; pallor; dizziness; nervousness; headache), while 0.45% had severe symptoms (hypotension; convulsions; syncope; respiratory distress; emesis). Multiple logistic regression showed that, the incidence of adverse events was significantly higher among young age donors <30 years RR[95%CI] = 1.58[1.18–2.12], p < 0.002, higher hemoglobin levels RR[95%CI] = 1.30[1.15–1.46], lower weight donors <75kg RR[95%CI] = 1.71[1.29–2.27], p <0.001 and first time donors RR[95%CI] = 2.21[1.64–2.97], p < 0.001 compared to older age donors ≥30, lower hemoglobin levels, heavier weight donors ≥ 75, and previous donors, respectively. More severe adverse events were observed among older and heavier donors, previous donors, lower hemoglobin levels and hypertensive donors but with no statistical significance.ConclusionYoung blood donors, donors with lower weight and first time donors are at higher risk of contracting adverse events. Higher hemoglobin level is also a potential risk predictor of adverse events post whole blood donation.
4 Reynolds KA, Pithadia DJ, Lee EB, et al. Are biosimilars approved for use in psoriasis safe enough to replace leading biologic therapies? A review. Exp Opin Drug Saf 2020; 19: 459-466. 5 Reynolds KA, Pithadia DJ, Lee EB, et al. Safety and effectiveness of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha biosimilar agents in the treatment of psoriasis.
The next Generation-IV reactors need to be stand for a very high temperature. Structural materials have to resist that temperature; otherwise, damages could appear. G115 steel is a candidate structural material which has been considered in this work. The hot deformation behavior of G115 steel was carried out at elevated temperatures 500, 550 and 600°C with different strain rates ranging from 1x10-5 to 1x10-3 s-1. To derive the hot deformation constitutive equation, the universal hyperbolic-sine Arrhenius-type equation was utilized considering the ultimate stresses values for each condition. As a result, the activation energy of G115, which will assess the high-temperature deformation mechanism, was obtained to be 331 KJ/mol.
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