Allocation of international water resources needs to play a vital role in the shared river basins. An environmental and reliable framework involves not only the competing parties divided by geography and national boundaries but also spatially -variable environmental parameters such as water productivity in agriculture. In international rivers, the inflow of turbid materials from the drainage basins of the upstream definitely affects water quality at the downstream. Consequently, emerging global challenges, such as climate change, water scarcity, and population growth have to meet rising demand over time. The Tigris and Euphrates (as a case study) give us a good example of the water system in a region politically unstable. Although a number of studies on water resources allocation modeling, such as ITETRBM and WATER-Model, have analyzed the geographic nature of basins, success in achieving sustainable development calls for an optimal water allocation model. Based on water productivity conditions, and to achieve stable, long-term cooperation among riparian countries and sustainable use of the water resources, international Water Model Under Productivity Conditions (WMUPC) gives us an optimal solution. In order to show the impacts of water quality changes on downstream users, these results are presented via histogram. The significant finding, under previous conditions, is the water quantity available in downstream will be less than the quantity required.
Water quality of seasonal water rivers is on a quick decline due to various human activities arising as a result of urbanization and population growth. This study assessed the water quality of the Khassa-Chai river in Kirkuk during two seasons: winter and summer (wet and dry). Thirty-seven water samples were collected from eight monitoring observation points along the Khassa-Chai river during October 2019 and March 2020. Water samples were analyzed for various parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), color, and dissolved oxygen (DO). These physicochemical parameters were analyzed using standards methods demonstrated by the American Public Health Association (APHA). To determine the significant difference, all the results obtained were statistically analyzed. In most results, higher concentrations are out of the indicated permissible limits of the World Health Organization (WHO). It can be concluded that the most domestic wastewater effluents are discharged into the river, such as sewage coming from nearby houses and restaurants in addition to the solid waste produced from close commercial stores. To reduce the negative impact on water and human health, pollution sources need to be properly managed. The paper calls for further research to figure out the ability of the Khassa-Chai river to make the use of city water in improving the environment.
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