AbstractsThis study was conducted to determine the objectivity, reliability and validity of the 90º push-ups test protocol among male and female students of Sports Science Program, Faculty of Sports Science and Coaching Sultan Idris University of Education. Samples (n = 300), consisted of males (n = 168) and females (n = 132) students were randomly selected for this study. Researchers tested the 90º push-ups on the sample twice in a single trial, test and re-test protocol in the bench press test. Pearson-Product Moment Correlation method's was used to determine the value of objectivity, reliability and validity testing. The findings showed that the 90 0 push-ups test protocol showed high consistency between the two testers with a value of r = .99. Likewise, The reliability value between test and re-test for the 90º push-ups test for the male (r=.93) and female (r=.93) students was also high. The results showed a correlation between 90º push-ups test and bench press test for boys was r = .64 and girls was r = .28. This finding indicates that the use of the 90º push-ups to test muscular strength and endurance in the upper body of males has a higher validity values than female students. Keywords: Arm and shoulder girdle strength and endurance, 90 0 push-ups, bench pressIntroduction The 90° Push-ups test are used as a measure of arm and shoulder girdle strength and endurance. Several different forms of 90º push-ups test s are used in physical fitness tests. In the past, 90º push-ups test s for males were executed with the toes and hands on the ground (full-body push-ups test), whereas females performed modified versions, including those with the knees and hands on the ground (bent-knee push-up). These modified versions were used because females tend to score lower than males on a full-body push-ups test. Also, the bent-knee push-up test was used with boys and girls who could not execute a full-body pushups test. Presently, however, fitness tests like [6] have a 90° push-ups test for both boys and girls in which the toes and hands are on the ground while the participant lowers the body to the ground until the arms are at a 90° angle. Although the FITNESSGRAM® are mainly designed for testing children and youth, they are used for testing young healthy adults such as college students in fitness programs.

This study highlights on development of mobile prayer software for the hearing impaired community. The design and development research method (DDR) of this study is through instructional design model through five phases namely analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation (ADDIE). The study sample involves 276 people consisting of deaf respondents, students with hearing impairments, teachers and experts in the field of information technology. The study identified that the software and design of the prayer mobile application for the hearing impaired users should include interactive features particularly graphics, animation, voice, video, text size and arrangement, as well as font size and colours. As for the design display, there are six elements should be given priority namely balanced topographic arrangement elements, bright theme divider, data divider, navigation, horizontal line layout and button section. Hence, the development of a mobile prayer application helps the special-need-users to perform their prayer obligation apart from increase their understanding on the Islamic Education component.

Positive social interaction is a vital aspect of maintaining a harmonious condition, especially in Malaysia, a country which has a multiracial society. Therefore, this study was carried out to identify the patterns of social interactions among multiethnic students in national secondary schools in Malaysia. The respondents for this study comprise two school administrators, seven teachers and 20 students of various ethnicities. They were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through interview sessions either individually or in focus groups, observation and document analysis. The study's findings showed that, there are five patterns of social interaction such as cooperation, exchange, competition, conflict and non-verbal communication among multiethnic students. Although there was conflict, the underlying causes of the conflict were not due to racial issues. As well as the five patterns of social interactions stated above, stereotypes were also reported among students. Despite conflicts and stereotypes, the students actively attempted to learn about other cultures and demonstrated attitudes of acceptance towards friends from other ethnic backgrounds. This indicates that the social interaction among students is still favorable and can be further improved through appropriate response. Additionally, based on these findings, a few recommendations were made regarding this issue.

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This paper presents an overview of how children from the three different ethnic groups inculcate multi-ethnic awareness in ethnically diverse pre-school settings and how pre-school nurtured children's unity. The study involved 25 children and their teachers from one PERPADUAN Pre-school. A qualitative methodology was applied. Direct observation and in-depth interviews were conducted with the children and teachers within 16 weeks. The primary findings of this research found that the PERPADUAN Pre-school can be considered a "Mini Malaysia" because the ethnic situation in the school reflects the diversity of Malaysian society. Activities such as celebrating festivals in Malaysia based on ethnic backgrounds are held in pre-school. Finally, the PERPADUAN Pre-school ethos toward children's social development is to promote a feeling of unity and acceptance among the ethnically diverse society of Malaysia. The pre-school teacher sees that it is the responsibility of PERPADUAN Pre-school to instil the knowledge that the children need to integrate and participate in a common shared national culture, values and identity of Malaysian.

This study aims to identify the effects of Bilingual Approach (BA) on the teaching of Malay language for deaf student in comprehension skills and effect of deafness level to comprehension acquisition. The study was conducted through quasi-experimental comparison between the use of Bilingual Approach (Experimental Group) and the use of Manually Coded Malay (Control Group). Changes in the Malay language skills between the two groups are identified through text comprehension. The study involves 64 hearing impaired students from primary school aged 11 to 12 years as subject sample in Malaysia. There are 32 students for the Experimental Group and 32 students for the Control Group. Data for the overall skills performance were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA calculations. The findings indicate that the overall achievement for Experimental Group is significantly higher with the use of Bilingual Approach [F dk(1,63)=113.501. p=<0.01] as compared to the Control Group. The results also show significant difference between mildly deaf students and severely deaf students with the value of t (63) =13.97, p<0.05. There is a need for more comprehensive studies to be carried out at a higher level in order to further explore the outcome of Bilingual Approach to language comprehension among students with hearing impairment.

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This study attempts to explore poverty challenges in education context faced by a non-governmental organization (NGO) responsible in carrying out its corporate social responsibility to the community. Research questions of this study are to explore the meaning of poverty based on the NGO definition; identify the efforts created for the community and the impact from those efforts. This study was carried out using case study. Respondents were selected through purposive sampling that involves only three respondents who works for the selected organization. The data collection techniques used in this study is semi-structured interviews, document analysis, observation and reflection notes. The study found that the cause of poverty is closely linked to economic factors and mindset poverty. With regards to efforts carried out by the NGO, the study found that the impact on the target group is quite satisfactory. Efforts undertaken by the organization has helped a number of poor students from the trap and vicious circle of poverty. Continuous efforts by NGO in this study can serve as a guide for future studies in addressing mindset poverty issue in this country.