A Smart city implements the latest IoT and information and communication technologies (ICT) to improve the quality of urban city administrations, decrease expenditures, asset management and interconnect citizens of a Smart city. Smart cities offer numerous advantages like improved energy productivity, management, healthcare facilities, efficient transport systems, proper waste and water management, and individual security. Nonetheless, this reliance on ICT and IoT technologies makes a Smart city prone to digital cyber assaults. These technologies are vulnerable to many security issues like Information theft, Eavesdropping attack, Denial of service, Communication delays, Data manipulation, IoT security attacks, Communication interception, Jamming, Sensor failure, insecure API, and Remote exploitation. This research study intends to address opinions on cybersecurity technologies, vulnerabilities, and cybercrime awareness based on the systematic literature review "PRISMA Model" as our research method and help researchers and practitioners to look for innovative Smart City solutions. Our research endeavors to momentarily depict the central ideas of digital security and protection issues related to Smart city areas and uncover digital cyber-attacks that focus on Smart city communities in the literature. In brief, the focus of this research is to explore and review the aspects of Smart city cybersecurity issues, Smart city vulnerabilities related to information security, and provide a comprehensive research framework that will help the researchers and practitioners explore this area of research.
A simple, low cost and modular decoupling technique is proposed to achieve high isolation between very close antenna elements of a multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) system without any complex decoupling structure, vias, or defected ground structure (DGS). A rectangular thin parasitic strip is used to decouple square patch elements, which are separated by an extremely close distance of λ 0.018 at 6 GHz. The proposed technique has achieved more than 40 dB isolation between MIMO antenna elements with a minimum return loss of 22 dB. A straightforward three-step method is also proposed to shift the resonance frequency to some other frequency with similar isolation and impedance matching. All the important characteristics and performance parameters of the proposed design technique are analyzed, simulated, and verified through the measurement of the fabricated prototype.
A miniaturized folded dipole patch antenna (FDPA) design for biomedical applications operating at sub 1 GHz (434 MHz) band is presented. Antenna is fabricated on FR-4 substrate material having dimensions of 16.40 mm $$\times$$
×
8.60 mm $$\times$$
×
1.52 mm (0.023$$\lambda$$
λ
$$\times$$
×
0.012$$\lambda$$
λ
$$\times$$
×
0.002$$\lambda$$
λ
). Indirect feed coupling is applied through two parallel strips at bottom layer of the substrate. The antenna size is reduced by 83% through lumped inductor placed at the center path of the radiating FDPA, suitable for biomedical (implantable) applications and hyperthermia. Moreover, Impedance matching is achieved without using any Balun transformer or any other complex matching network. The proposed antenna provides an impedance bandwidth of 6 MHz (431–437 MHz) below − 10 dB and a gain of − 31 dB at 434 MHz. The designed antenna is also placed on a human body model to evaluate its performance for hyperthermia through Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), Effective Field Size (EFS), and penetration depth (PD).
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