Objective:The antimicrobial effect of aerial part of Rumex nervosus obtained from the Southern region of Saudi Arabia was evaluated on bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, and fungal strain Candida albicans.Materials and Methods:The solvents used for the extraction were aqueous, hexane, and methanol. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was performed by agar diffusion and disk diffusion methods and the confirmation of this activity was done by the enumeration of colony forming units (CFU).Results:The aqueous extract showed the growth inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria while the Gram-negative P. aeruginosa was the most sensitive microorganism as determined by the agar diffusion technique. Surprisingly, the extract showed little antibacterial activity on other Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) by this technique. Ethanolic extract was also found to be inhibitory to the growth of microorganisms. Hexane extract was relatively low in antimicrobial activity on Gram-negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa, while both the organic extracts were inhibitory to the growth of the fungus, C. albicans. Hexane gave no conclusive results with agar or disk diffusion methods, but showed the microbial growth inhibition in CFU enumeration. The antibacterial activity of active extracts was compared with vancomycin while antifungal activity of was compared with amphotericin B.Conclusion:The results obtained in the present study suggest that R. nervosus showed a marked antimicrobial activity with the test organisms.
Light-dark cycle has an evident role in maintaining the circadian rhythm of complex living organisms. Disturbance of light-dark cycle has an effective role in distressing the normal functions of living organisms. In this study we have analyzed the behavioral changes and role of neurotransmitter in mice due to light-dark cycle disturbances. Batches of animals were exposed to continuous light and dark conditions for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days. The physiological behavior analyses such as vertical, horizontal, ambulatory and response to light-dark exposures were recorded in the disturbed and control animals. Also the role of neurotransmitter such as Dopamine, 5-HT, 5-HIAA and Homovanillic acid were estimated in the disturbed and control animal nervous tissues such as cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. Based on the behavioral analysis it was found that continuous light exposures have increased the horizontal and ambulatory movement of mice more significantly than the continuous dark exposed animal upon comparison with normal 12-12 dark-light exposed animals. Also the continuous light exposed animals showed an aversion to light and liking to dark upon light-dark visit but the vice versa was not found with the dark exposed animals. Dopamines and 5-HT were found down regulated in both the light and dark exposed animals significantly when compared to the normally housed animals. The identified changes in behavioral and neurotransmitter level in mice due to light-dark disturbances are impacting the fact of association of stress, sleep and circadian rhythm in mice.
Fragrances are generally synthetic, natural or a combination of both. Ittar or Attar is a natural fragrance material synthesized from plants which were majorly used by people worldwide as a matter of pride, deodorization and attractant. The effect and role of using Ittar on mammalian system is still not known at the behavioral and neurological level. This study was aimed to understand the constituents and the effect of Ittar on mice by measuring their behavioral and neurological changes upon exposure to Ittar.Batches of animals were exposed to ten different types of Ittar for 1, 2 and 3 weeks respectively. Behavior of the animals exposed to the Ittar perfumes were analyzed against the control animals behavior for physiological activities. Also, the expression level of neurotransmitter such as Dopamine, 5-HIAA, HVA and Serotonin were evaluated based on HPLC analysis. Based on this study it was found that all the ten Ittars were different for its different constituents with some basic overlapping molecules among them. The neurotransmitter such as DOPA, 5-HT, Homovanillic Acid and Serotonin were found non-significantly increased in the total brain after a three week long continuous exposures of Ittar to the animal. Histological analysis of the ittar exposed mice skin showed mild to massive changes in both epidermal and dermal layers characterized with intense infiltration of inflammatory cells, hyperplasia, hyperchromasia and edema formation against control animals in few of the Ittars. From this study it is evident that Ittar increases mood of the animal through the up-regulation of various neurotransmitter but subtle effect on the skin because of the presence of various chemical constituents of the Ittar. Based on this study it is evident that use of Ittar as fragrance might be beneficial at the molecular level and it will be appropriate to apply without direct exposure to skin.
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