Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an important oilseed crop worldwide. Drought is the most detrimental environmental factor affecting the crop plants from germination up to maturity. A complete perspective of the effect of drought is crucial in understanding the influence of climate variability on rape cultivation. Water deficit stress affects morphology, physiology and development of rape crop. The aim of this article is to present an outline of the effects of drought stress on the growth, physiological processes, yield and quality parameters of rape crop. When drought stress occurs at critical stages, both short and long term, it can adversely affect important growth and physiological processes like leaf area, root growth, shoot growth, excised leaf water loss (ELWL), relative water content (RWC), photosynthesis and water use efficiency (WUE) by disturbing stomatal adjustment, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), lowering stomatal conductance and destroying the chlorophyll and other pigments. Rape is more susceptible to water deficit stress during reproductive stages which ultimately affect the yield and oil quality. Some important management strategies for drought mitigation in rape, including use of compatible solutes, nutrients, plant growth regulators, different planting methods are also mentioned and discussed in this review paper.

Water scarcity is the most serious abiotic stress restricting plant productivity throughout the world. Losses in crop yield due to drought exceed from losses caused by other environmental factors. In this review article different morphological, physiological and yield attributes of cotton under drought stress, mechanism of drought induced losses and various management strategies to mitigate drought stress have been discussed. Drought stress reduces growth of leaf, stem and root, interferes with leaf water relations, photosynthesis, respiration, reduces water-use efficiency and ultimately yield of cotton. Under water deficit conditions cotton shows various responses to cope with drought stress. The major mechanisms include accumulation of osmoregulators, plant growth regulators and production of heat shock proteins. Different management strategies to alleviate water deficit stress like foliar application of osmolytes, potassium and growth regulators (hormones), various drought responsive genes, proteins at molecular level, screening and breeding programs against drought tolerance and mulching are also discussed in this paper.

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Aim: To assess the knowledge and attitude of dental practitioners of Islamabad and Rawalpindi about anaphylactic reaction seen in patients after administration of local anesthesia. Method: A questionnaire based cross section study was conducted among the randomly selected practicing general and specialist dental surgeons of Islamabad and Rawalpindi during January to June 2022. About 370 questioners were prepared and distributed among the practicing dentist surgeons of Rawalpindi and Islamabad without any priority or preference of the area. Two dentists were nominated for distribution and motivation of participating dentists to fill the form and collect the filled forms after one week time or earlier. Results: Two hundred thirty dentists responded to the questionnaire. The results indicated that the majority of the participants had knowledge of one or more symptoms relating to anaphylaxis. However, none of the participants demonstrated that they knew about all symptoms relating to anaphylaxis. Only few had experience of managingthe reaction. The results also did not vary with age. About 75% dental surgeons knew about the emergency drug but about 40% of them were equipped with emergency kits in their clinic and knew the technique of use of it. Conclusion: Local Anesthesia is routinely used for various treatments by the dental surgeons and Anaphylactic reaction from it can happen anytime with any patient putting life on risk. To deal with such situation and protect the community, serious attitude is necessary. Presentstudy has revealed the lack of knowledge among dentists in Islamabad and Rawalpindi about anaphylactic reactions and theirattitude towardsmanagement which needs to be enhanced to prevent severe consequences on health and safety of common people seeking dental treatment. Our study will provide awareness to dentists to increase their knowledge and skills to deal such situations so that the community should proceed to the dentist for treatments with confidence of safety and better care. Keywords: Anaphylaxis, Allergy, Emergency drugs, Local Anesthesia

Background: Oral malodor is a breath, offensive to other people. It is considered to affect huge number of the people due to certain variable causes and intensity. Malodor may indicate towards some systemic complications but 80–90% is related to intraoral conditions. Aim: To determine the mean rise in oral malodor score in patients with fixed orthodontic treatment. Methods: This Quasi experimental study was conducted at de’Montmorency College of dentistry, Lahore and consisted of six months. Non probability consecutive sampling was used to select 75 cases with 95% confidence interval. Results In this present study total 75 patient, 38(50.66%) male and 37(49.33%) female, 15 to 25 years of age were selected. Oral malodor was recorded by same doctor. The mean value of baseline malodor score (T1) was 57.57±10.32 ppb with minimum and maximum baseline oral malodor score (T1) 40 &72 ml respectively. The study results showed that the mean value of malodor score four weeks after treating the patients (T2), was 95.08 ± 8.75 ppb with minimum and maximum malodor score 81 & 110 ppb respectively. In this study, mean increase in malodor four weeks after treating patients was 37.50±14.72 ppb with minimum and maximum increase in malodor score 12 & 67 ppb respectively. Paired t-test was found significant. In our study the mean value of baseline malodor score (T1) in males (n=38) was 58.056±10.02 ppb. And in females (n=37) was 94.89±8.98 ppb. Conclusion Our study results concluded that the baseline oral malodor score was (T1) 57.57 ± 10.32 and after 4 weeks of treatment was (T2) 95.08 ± 8.75 and a mean increase on oral malodor score was 37.50 ± 14.72. Keywords: Oral Malodor, Fixed Orthodontic treatment