In subjects with orofacial clefts, there is an unresolved controversy on the effect of congenital maxillary growth deficiency vs. the effect of surgical intervention on the outcome of treatment. Intrinsic growth impairment in subjects with orofacial clefts can be studied by comparing facial morphology of subjects with untreated cleft and unaffected individuals of the same ethnic background. Bilateral cleft lip and palate is the most severe and least prevalent form of the orofacial cleft. The aim of this study was to compare facial morphology in subjects with unrepaired complete bilateral clefts and unaffected controls using geometric morphometrics. Lateral cephalograms of 39 Indonesian subjects with unrepaired bilateral complete cleft lip and alveolus (mean age: 24 years), or unrepaired bilateral complete cleft lip, alveolus, and palate (mean age: 20.6 years) and 50 age and ethnically matched controls without a cleft (25 males, 25 females, mean age: 21.2 years) were digitized and traced and shape variability was explored using principal component analysis, while differences between groups and genders were evaluated with canonical variate analysis. Individuals with clefts had a more pronounced premaxilla than controls. Principal component analysis showed that facial variation in subjects with clefts occurred in the anteroposterior direction, whereas in controls it was mostly in the vertical direction. Regression analysis with group, sex, and age as covariates and principal components from 1 to 6 as dependent variables demonstrated a very limited effect of the covariates on the facial shape variability (only 11.6% of the variability was explained by the model). Differences between cleft and non‐cleft subjects in the direction of facial variability suggest that individuals with bilateral clefts can have an intrinsic growth impairment affecting facial morphology later in life.

Objective: To find out the outcome of management of brain abscess in children. Methods: This is prospective observational study conducted in the Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery at Children’s Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Multan from July 2014 to June 2017. Children up to the age of 14 years suffering from brain abscess were admitted. After taking clinical history, general and systemic physical examination and necessary investigations, abscess was evacuated and abscess wall excised after performing craniotomy. Data was collected on a predesigned performa. Results were analyzed and compared with national and international literature through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS-20). Results: Twenty five patients up to 14 years of age were included. Seventeen (68%) were male and eight (32%) female. Fever and vomiting were present in all 25 (100%) patients. Paranasal sinusitis was predisposing causative factor in 9(36%) followed by otitis media in 7 (28%). Abscess was present in frontal lobe in 9 (36%), temporoparietal region in 8 (32%), posterior fossa in 5 (20%) and multiple abscesses in 3 (12%). Craniotomy was performed, pus evacuated and abscess wall excised in all 25 (100%) patients. Three (12%) patients expired. Conclusion: Incidence of brain abscess can be decreased by treatment of its predisposing causes as sinusitis and otitis media. Small abscess less than 2cm can be treated with antibiotics. Complete evacuation of pus and excision of abscess wall after performing craniotomy along with appropriate antibiotics is gold standard management of brain abscess in children. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.3.1087 How to cite this:Khan IU, Latif A, Ashraf M, Chishti MK, Sadiq S. Outcome of management of brain abscess in children. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(3):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.3.1087 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Mansoor-Ul-Haq et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Extraction of impacted teeth has became one of the most common procedure in oral surgery. Objective: This study aimed to observe the frequency and distribution of odontectomy cases in Oral Surgery Clinic of RSGMP FKG UI. Methods: A descriptive study using dental record as secondary data at RSGMP FKG UI. Results: There were 145 odontectomy in