Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is the most important, resistant and dangerous organism in burn wound infections in human. Extracellular and virulence factors lead to tissue damage tissue damage during infection with P. aeruginosa. One important virulence factor including exotoxin A(ETA) encoded by the tox A gene. In this study, 45 wound swabs from burned skin patients admitted to Al-Hilla Teaching Hospital/Babylon, 2013 from different localities in Babylon were collected to study the frequency of P. aeruginosa and human immune response. Polymerase chain traction technique (PCR) was used for detection ETA gene as a virulent factor producing by P. aeruginosa from burned skin wound infections together with interferon gamma and interleukin 18. The results showed that P. aeruginosa had a frequency of 51.1% among burned skin patients. The bacteriological culture showed that 19 out of 45 (42.2 %) were positive for P. aeruginosa while 23 out of 45 (51.1 %) were positive for P. aeruginosa. Only 17 out of 23 (73.91 %) were ETA producing P. aeruginosa. Also bacteremia occurred only in 9 out of 17 (52.94 %) in ETA producing P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa infection was presented to a lesser degree. In addition to that P. aeruginosa that expresses the ETA gene were the most common and toxic pathogens in burned patients and lead to bacteremia and septicemia. The using of PCR technique a rapid and accurate technique might be helpful in combating its toxicity. ETA might contributed to the overall virulent factor.

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is hereditary change in a DNA sequence that occurs when a single nucleotide in a genome is modified; SNPs are usually considered to be point mutations that have been evolutionarily successful enough to recur in a significant proportion of the population of a species. The ability of certain individuals to respond appropriately to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands may be impaired by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within TLR genes, terminating in a modified susceptibility to infectious or inflammatory disease that might contribute to the pathogenesis of complex diseases. Out of the 400 clinical samples of blood collected from calves and lambs suffering from diarrhea, the samples originated from Babylon Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Veterinary Clinics during the period from October 2018 to January 2019, 200 samples were suffering from diarrhea (100 samples of calves and 100 samples of lambs), and 200 samples were the control groups. Genotyping of TLR4 polymorphisms was carried out by using amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) technique. For calves' TLR4 (rs8193046) gene polymorphisms, the results showed there were significant differences in genotypes and alleles frequencies between the diarrheic cases and control groups (p < 0.05). GG homozygous genotype was overrepresented among diarrheic calves. The frequencies of G allele was higher in diarrheic calves compared to control groups. The calves' GG homozygous genotype was significantly associated with increased susceptibility to Colibacillosis in calves. For lamb-TLR4 (rs160202325) gene polymorphism, AG heterozygous genotype was overrepresented among the cases as of 20 (52.63%), whereas AA was obviously more presented among control individuals as of 6 (60%). There were no difference between diarrheic cases and control groups for allele frequencies.