Modern cities suffer from heavy metal pollution due to urban expansion and population increase. Heavy metals have a great impact on human health. The objective is to determine the contamination level of heavy metals Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Zr and Pb at industrial and residential in Hilla city. The mean concentration of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Zr and Pb enrichment factors of the investigated industrial soils are 3.43, 0.74, 6.45, 3.95, 5.60, 3.44, 1.17 and 11.44, respectively. The means of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Zr and Pb in residential soils are 3.30, 1.09, 11.40, 0.94, 2.08, 5.39, 0.9 and 3.6, respectively. The I-geo mean values of heavy elements in the industrial area may be ordered in the following: Mn> Pb> Ni> Zn> Cu> As> Cr> Zr. While in the residential area ordered Mn> Ni> As>Cr> Pb> Zn> Cu > Zr. Integrated Pollution Load Index categories results showed high contamination in industrial and residential areas. The main sources of heavy elements pollution in the study area has been regarded as anthropogenic sources.
This paper is conducted to determine the sensitivity and thixotropic effects of clay soil for selected sites in Diwaniya city which are: (Dawr Aldubbat, Al-Zawra square, 14 Ramadan square, Al'iiskan Alaqadim and Military square). The main aim of this investigation is to study the sensitivity and thixotropy of clay soil, and determination and classification of soils to (Insensitive), (slightly to very sensitive) and (slightly to extra quick)) relying on special test methods in sensitivity and thixotropic phenomena. The experimental tests that were done including geotechnical, chemical and mineralogical tests to natural soils and special tests were for the identification and classification of sensitivity of soils. The results of sensitivity of soils test displayed low to medium for all the types of the soils in the study area. The results of the thixotropic strength ratio test showed a small increase in thixotropic strength ratio values with time. The results of Atterberg limits test indicated that increasing the proportion of the clay causes an increase in the plasticity index of the soil. While the results of the liquidity index varied from 0.24 to 0.70, which reflects the low sensitivity of the clay soil in the study area.
The Gypseous soils are soils that cause major engineering problems such as collapse or settlement in several cities in Iraq, and the world. For these reasons, several methods were used to get rid of these engineering problems, including, using additives. This study utilized cement dust waste as an additive in the form of cement dust to improve some of the physical and engineering properties of gypseous soils collected from two sites in Al-Najaf city, with various content of gypsum. Cement dust waste was used in different percentages of %5, 10%, and 15%. Results showed a slight improvement in some properties, where the percentage of the liquid limit increased with the increase in the percentage of additives. Values of the specific gravity decreased in all the added percentages of cement dust. The values of the maximal weight were little decreased, while the optimal moisture percentage increased by increasing the percentage of the additive. Results of the direct shear tests, utilized a percentage of 15 % of cement dust waste, were used in two cases for dry soil and soaked soil for curing 1 day and 7 days. The results showed increasing the quantity of additives by 15% increased the cohesion value which is due to the action of cement dust particles forming bonding bonds with gypseous soil grains. The internal friction angle of cement dust was lower than the internal friction angle of gypseous soil, resulting in a small decrease in the internal friction angle.
This study includes the effect of lime addition on the engineering properties of gypseous soil taken from a part of the Najaf- Karbla plateau (52, 48, 72% gypsum). Also this study shows increase in the proportion of gypsum in the soil in the northwest direction of the study area. Maximum dry density and optimum moisture content (2.065, 2.025 and 2.003) at 15%, 14% and 15% respectively for the three samples. The maximum dry density decrease while optimum moisture content increases with increasing ratio of hydrate lime. The results show that the gypscous soil becomes non - plastic when treated by > 3 % of hydrated lime. Cohesion Force, with the increase in the percentage of lime from 3% to 6%, after which it decreases as the percentage addition of lime to reach zero when the addition became 9%. The reason for this is that the lime increases the cohesion strength between molecules to the limit of adding 6%, then the cohesion decreases to zero when 9% is added lime. The results of a liquid limits are changed and the soil becomes more liquidity limit when it's treated due to the hydrated lime increases liquid limits significantly, and it becomes clear that the limit of liquidity. After which the lime molecules work to separate the molecules from each other, and the cohesion force decreases. It is also noted that the internal friction angle decreases with the increase in the percentage of lime.
This investigation is carried out to study the shear strength of soils using the new Torvane technical device in three selected sites in the studied area, which are Al-Thyala, Al-Bakaerly, and Street 80 in Hilla city. The physical indexes and engineering properties tests were used to determine the natural water content, Atterberg limits, particle size distribution of soils, shear strength of soils by Torvane Technical, moisture-density relationships of soils and unconfined compressive strength. Undisturbed samples were extracted from depths more than 150 cm by cylinder cores. The chemical tests included sulfate content, gypsum content, total dissolved salts and pH value test. The results revealed that shear strength of soils is reduced when the plasticity index and natural moisture content increased. The results from the Torvane technical device tests of the soils revealed that the Torvane technical device is very easy, quick and accepted and it is in demand for engineering uses and may be used in laboratory and field.
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