Congestion in the world's traffic systems is a major issue that has far-reaching repercussions, including wasted time and money due to longer commutes and more frequent stops for gas. Modern scholarly challenges arise alongside chances to greatly enhance traffic prediction made possible by the integration of modern technologies into transportation systems. Various techniques have been utilized for the purpose of traffic flow prediction, including statistical, machine learning, and deep neural networks. In this paper, deep neural network architecture based on long short term memory (LSTM), bi-directional version, and gated recurrent units (GRUs) layers have been structured to build the deep neural network, in order to predict the performance of the traffic flow in four distinct junctions which has a great impact on the Internet of vehicles' applications. The structure comprised of sixteen-layers, five of them are GRU-layers and one bi-directional LSTM-layer. The dataset employed in this work involved four congested junctions. The dataset extended from the first of November 2016 to 30th of June 2017. Cleaning and preprocessing operations were achieved on the dataset before feeding it to the designed deep neural network of this paper. Results show that the suggested method produced a comparable performance with respect to state-of-the art approaches.
After 2003 (as a result of the absence of state authority and the spread of anarchy and post-war military operations), the urban sprawl has increased significantly in the Baghdad city, after that, terrorist acts and the period of the civil war started (2006-2009), this has exacerbated the problem and led to the emergence of population settlements. Especially The outskirts of Baghdad with a low level of urban, economic, educational, and cultural levels., It caused an increase in the size of the problem, reaching 92% during a study prepared in 2013. Thus, the research problem is determined: The lack of a clear vision of the impact of the civil war in Iraq (2006-2017) on accelerating the urban Sprawl in Baghdad. One of the most important findings of the research is that the rate of growth of Urban Sprawl that started in 1958 has maintained a near-constant rate until 2009, which witnessed an unprecedented acceleration and reached its peak in 2017. The essential research conclusion and recommendation can be summarized that the impact of civil wars on the exacerbation of the urban sprawl phenomenon differs radically from that of conventional wars in terms of quantity and quality, and it needs planning and social solutions that differ significantly from the type of solutions that were previously adopted to reduce the problem.
The construction and buildings sector are one of the most energy-consuming sectors, accounting for one-third of the world's total energy consumption and one-third of the world's CO 2 emissions, this leads to environmental, health and psychological damages for humans and society, with an increase in other urban problems in city. This is result of reliance on fossil fuels, construction materials and excessive consumption of natural resources that cause an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Concept of green buildings has emerged with sustainable trends in fields of architecture and urban planning. It is considered an integrated architecture with environment and nature. It reduces pollution rate to 1/6 of world's CO 2 emissions. It provides a safe, comfortable and healthy environment for human and reduces the consumption and preservation of natural resources, for future generations by recycling waste, wastewater, roofs and green facades, and use of suitable building materials with the environment, as well as integrated design with buildings and urban context in terms of formation and direction of buildings and use of sustainable building materials and use of renewable energy and others. The climate in Iraq, especially in summer, is characterized by high temperatures. It is more than 50 °c, with winter temperatures dropping and uneven significantly between summer and winter, so we need buildings that consider the requirements of human thermal comfort, reduce energy consumption and natural resources, and provide a healthy and psychological environment, to reduces emissions harmful to environment. There are many obstacles to establishment of green buildings in Iraqi cities, most important of which are laws and legislation that require its legislation to suit technological advances in architecture, as well as technical, and social constraints and others.
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