Breast and cervical cancer are the most common causes of cancer mortality among women worldwide, but actually they are largely preventable diseases. There is limited data on breast and cervical cancer knowledge, screening practices and attitudes of nurses in Turkey. A self-administered questionnaire was used to investigate the knowledge and attitude of nurses on risk factors of the breast and cervical cancer as well as screening programmes such as breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination, mammography (MMG) and papanicolaou (pap) smear test. In total, 125 out of 160 nurses participated in the study (overall response rate was 80.6%). The risk factors and symptoms of breast cancer was generally well known, except for early menarche (23.2%) and late menopause (28.8%). For cervical cancer, the correct risk factors mostly indicated by the nurses were early age at first sexual intercourse (56%), smoking (76%), multiple sexual partners (71.2%). As for screening methods, it was believed that BSE was a beneficial method to identify the early breast changes (84.8%) and MMG was able to detect the cancer without a palpable mass (57.6%). Little was known about the fact that women should begin cervical cancer screening approximately 3 years after the onset of sexual intercourse (23.2%) and if repeated pap smear test were normal, it could be done every 2-3 years. Most of the nurses considered that MMG decreases the mortality in breast cancer (65.6%) and also believed that pap smear test decreases the mortality in cervical cancer (75.2%). Despite high level of knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, symptoms and screening methods, inadequate knowledge of cervical cancer screening method were found among nurses.

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Background and ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to find out the risk factors associated with non‐sentinel lymph node metastasis and determine the incidence of non‐sentinel lymph node metastasis according to risk groups in sentinel lymph node (SLN)‐positive endometrial cancer patients.MethodsPatients who underwent at least bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy after SLN mapping were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were categorized into low, intermediate, high‐intermediate, and high‐risk groups defined by ESMO‐ESGO‐ESTRO.ResultsOut of 395 eligible patients, 42 patients had SLN metastasis and 16 (38.1%) of them also had non‐SLN metastasis. Size of SLN metastasis was the only factor associated with non‐SLN metastasis (p = .012) as 13/22 patients with macrometastasis, 2/10 with micrometastasis and 1/10 with isolated tumor cells (ITCs) had non‐SLN metastasis. Although all 4 metastases (1.8%) among the low‐risk group were limited to SLNs, the non‐SLN involvement rate in the high‐risk group was 42.9% and all of these were seen in patients with macrometastatic SLNs.ConclusionsNon‐SLN metastasis was more frequent in higher‐risk groups and the risk of non‐SLN metastasis increased with the size of SLN metastasis. Proceeding to complete lymphadenectomy when SLN is metastatic should further be studied as the effect of leaving metastatic non‐SLNs in‐situ is not known.

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Abstract Aim: Pregnancies complicated with diabetes are risky pregnancies with different maternal characteristics and increased maternal complications compared to the normal pregnant group. In this study, it is aimed to determine maternal characteristics and maternal complications in pregnant women with different glucose intolerance or blood glucose levels, and to compare them with the information in the literature and to investigate the effectiveness of our follow-up and treatment protocols. Material and Method: This study is carried out with 223 patients at Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital between May 2009 and March 2010. Group 1 in the study, normal glycemic group; Group 2, group with 1 value higher in 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); Group 3, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), is the blood sugar regulated group; Group 4, the uncontrolled group diagnosed with GDM and whose blood sugar is not regulated; Group 5 consisted of patients with pregestational diabetes mellitus, with or without regulated blood sugar. Results: Considering the maternal characteristics, it is seen that the age, gravida, parity, body mass index (BMI) of Group 3, Group 4 and Group 5 patients are significantly higher than the patients in Group 1 and Group 2. The rates of preeclampsia, macrosomic baby and preterm birth are significantly higher in groups 4 and 5. In terms of delivery types, normal birth rate is high in Group 1, while cesarean section rates are high in Groups 4 and 5. According to the groups, the cases with a 1st minute apgar score less than 7 are significantly higher in Group 4 and Group 5. Conclusion: It is revealed that different glucose intolerances cause some problems in pregnancy, increase complications, and uncontrolled blood glucose levels increase these problems and complications. In pregestational and gestational periods; In such cases, it should be aimed and ensured that these problems and complications are reduced to the lowest possible level with appropriate diagnosis and treatment approaches.