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Money is the life-blood of any modern market-oriented economy. The level of money supply -the quantity and velocity of money circulated in such an economy would determine its health. The central issue in managing the economy is to understand how money supply is determined. The history of modern monetary economics actually has witnessed the emergence of two opposing views pertaining to the role of central bank in controlling the supply of money in an economy. A group of economists, known as monetarists, under the influence of Milton Friedman, contended that money supply in an economy is exogenously determined. Post Keynesian however holds the view that money supply is endogenously rather than exogenously determined. Examining the theory of endogenous money as well as empirical work, the present paper has found that money supply in several countries is endogenously determined.

The main objective of this paper is to provide new empirical evidence on the size and determinants of the indirect financial distress costs for Malaysia's financially distressed firms. The use data from non-financial shariah-compliant financially distressed firms is the unique contribution of this paper. The analysis used the opportunity costs as the proxy for indirect financial distress cost. The population for this research is all shariah-compliant firms classified as financially distressed under the requirement of Practice Note 17 of Bursa Malaysia. The overall sample consists of 341 observations. The average size of the cost for the period of study is 13.41%, and it ranges from a minimum value of -241.43% to a maximum value of 111.76%, indicates the existence of both cost and benefit of financial distress. The regression result suggests that the model fits the data well at the 0.05 significance level. The results of the regression also suggest firm size is the only independent variable was found to have a statistically significant relationship with the dependent variable, whereas change in investment policy, time in distress and leverage do not appear to be significantly related to the level of indirect financial distress cost.

The main objective of this study is to provide further evidence on the determinants of firm's profitability in Malaysia. A better understanding of this topic is important not only for the purpose of enriching empirical studies in this field but also for the purpose of sectoral and cross-country comparison. The use data from non-financial shariah compliant firms are the unique contribution of this paper. The data for the final sample consists of 169 firms and analyzed using the panel data analysis techniques to identify the key determinants of firm's profitability. The study finds that the profitability of these firms significantly affected by the size of the firms, efficiency, and the level of sales. In addition, firms' efficiency suggested to be the most important variable affecting firm's performance. Although this paper provides empirical evidence, several areas need to be refined with future empirical research. First, this paper uses only limited number of variables, the inclusion of other firm specific variables might lead to a new set of findings and conclusion. Second, this paper has not taken into consideration the effect of using different data analysis technique. Future studies might want to explore the used of other techniques in analyzing the data.