to determine the effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and oak gall (Quercus infectoria L.) at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% of raw extracts to control Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus niger after 48, 96 and 168 hours of incubation, using completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The results revealed that all the plant extract concentrations used were effective against the two fungi. Ethanol extracts were more efficient against the growth of mycelia of the two fungi than aqueous extracts. Penicillium spp. was more sensitive to the plant extracts of pomegranate and oak gall more than Aspergillus niger. There were significant interactions between time of incubation and plant extract concentrations in their effects on the growth of mycelia. The two fungi renewed part of their activity after 168 hours of application of plant extracts.
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of glyphosate herbicide (n-phosphonomethyl glycine), mancozeb fungicide ([[1,2-ethanediylbis- [carbamodithioato]](2-)] manganese mixture with [[1,2-ethanediylbis- [carbamodithioato]]-(2- )] zinc) anddiazinon insecticide (O, O-diethyl O-[6- methyl-2- (1-methylethyl)- 4-pyrimidynyl]), threesoil orders and two soil moisture contents (50% and 100% of field capacity) and theircombinations on soil total non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria particularlyAzotobacter sp. counts. This experiment last for two months from the 6 th of Jun until the8 th of August 2011 with five sampling periods at biweekly intervals. Factorial experiment(4×3×2) with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and three replications was usedand the means were compared using Revised Least Significant Differences (R.LSD) atthe level of significant of 0.05. Significant results were obtained at the last two scheduledperiod’s sampling of 4 th and 5 th , and the results showed that: Mancozeb fungicidedecreased total Azotobacter sp.; Diazinon insecticide decreased both total non-symbioticnitrogen-fixing bacteria and total Azotobacter sp.; Agholan soil (order Entisols) showedthe greatest increase in soil total non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 50% soilmoisture content revealed the greatest reduction total Azotobacter sp. while, 100% soilmoisture content showed the greatest increase in soil total Azotobacter sp. count. Thecombinations among: glyphosate, Agholan soil and 100% moisture combination showedthe greatest reduction in total non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and totalAzotobacter sp.
A factorial experiment was applied with four replicates on rosemary plants (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) grown in pots inside the glasshouse of the Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq, during April, 2019 to July, 2020, to determine the effects of soil moisture content ( SM1: 100% and SM2: 60% field capacity), nitrogen fertilizer (N1: 100, N2: 200 and N3: 300kg/hectare), and magnesium fertilizer (Mg1: 0.0, Mg2: 30 and Mg3: 60kg/hectare) and their interactions on some growth characteristics and essential oil content of rosemary plants. Two cuttings were taken from rosemary shoots (on March, 2020 and July, 2020) after 12 and 15 months of planting respectively. Results showed that cutting 1: SM2 decreased plant height, number of branches, Shoot fresh weight (FW), shoot dry weight (DW), leaves DW & stem DW. N3 increased plant height, number of branches, Shoot FW, shoot DW, leaves DW, stems FW & stem DW. Interaction treatment SM1N3Mg3 increased plant height, Shoot FW, shoot DW, leaves DW, stems FW and stem DW, while in cutting 2: SM2 decreased shoot DW, stems FW and stem DW. N3 increased Shoot FW and stem DW. Mg3 increased Root FW, but decreased stems FW. SM1N3Mg1 increased stem DW. In cutting 1+ cutting 2, SM2 decreased accumulative stem DW and biological yield FW. N3 increased accumulative Shoot FW; Accumulative leaves DW, accumulative stem FW, accumulative yield FW and biological yield DW. Mg3 increased biological yield FW, while SM1N3Mg3 treatment increased accumulative shoot DW, accumulative leaves DW, biological yield FW, and biological yield DW. In the second harvest, SM2 and Mg2 decreased rosemary essential oil %, N3 and SM1N3Mg2increased EO% and concrete content, while SM1Mg2 increased EO.
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